To All,
Good Monday Morning November 30.
I hope that you all had a great weekend.
This day in Naval History
Nov. 30
1881—The whaler Rodgers is destroyed by a fire at St. Lawrence Bay on the Siberian coast. Before the fire, Rodgers had charted Wrangel Island, proving conclusively that it was not part of the Asian continent.
1912—Lt. Theodore G. Ellyson, the first U.S. Navy officer to qualify as an airplane pilot, tests the Navy's first C-1 flying boat at Hammondsport, New York.
1942—USS Northampton (CA 26) is sunk and USS Pensacola (CA 24), USS New Orleans (CA 32), and USS Minneapolis (CA 36) are badly damaged by a Japanese torpedo counter-attack during the Battle of Tassafaronga at Guadalcanal.
1943—PBY aircraft sink the Palau-bound Japanese cargo ship Himalaya Maru south of New Hanover, Bismarck Archipelago.
1993—President William J. Clinton signs legislation that lifts the ban on women serving aboard combat ships.
Thanks to CHINFO
Executive Summary:
• Multiple outlets reported on USS Nimitz's return to U.S. 5th Fleet.
• National media continued reporting on Friday's killing of a top Iranian nuclear scientist.
This Day in World History
1782 The British sign a preliminary agreement in Paris, recognizing American independence.
1838 Mexico declares war on France.
1861 The British Parliament sends to Queen Victoria an ultimatum for the United States, demanding the release of two Confederate diplomats who were seized on the British ship Trent.
1864 The Union wins the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee.
1900 Oscar Wilde dies in a Paris hotel room after saying of the room's wallpaper: "One of us had to go."
1900 The French government denounces British actions in South Africa, declaring sympathy for the Boers.
1906 President Theodore Roosevelt publicly denounces segregation of Japanese schoolchildren in San Francisco.
1919 Women cast votes for the first time in French legislative elections.
1935 Non-belief in Nazism is proclaimed grounds for divorce in Germany.
1945 Russian forces take Danzig in Poland and invade Austria.
1948 The Soviet Union complete the division of Berlin, installing the government in the Soviet sector.
1950 President Truman declares that the United States will use the A-bomb to get peace in Korea.
1956 The United States offers emergency oil to Europe to counter the Arab ban.
1961 The Soviet Union vetoes a UN seat for Kuwait, pleasing Iraq.
1974 Pioneer II sends photos back to NASA as it nears Jupiter.
1974 India and Pakistan decide to end a 10-year trade ban.
1979 Pope John Paul II becomes the first pope in 1,000 years to attend an Orthodox mass.
1981 Representatives of the US and USSR meet in Geneva, Switzerland, to begin negotiations on reducing the number of intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe.
1982 Thriller, Michael Jackson's second solo album, released; the album, produced by Quincy Jones, became the best-selling album in history.
1993 US President Bill Clinton signs the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act (better known as the Brady Bill) into law.
1994 MS Achille Lauro, a ship with long history of problems including a 1985 terrorist hijacking, catches fire off the coast of Somalia.
1995 Operation Desert Storm officially comes to an end.
1998 Exxon and Mobil oil companies agree to a $73.7 billion merge, creating the world's largest company, Exxon-Mobil.
2004 On the game show Jeopardy! contestant Ken Jennings loses after 74 consecutive victories. It is the longest winning streak in game-show history, earning him a total of over $3 million.
2005 John Sentamu becomes Archbishop of York, making him the Church of England's first black archbishop.
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Thanks to Dutch
New Navy CMV-22B Makes First Carrier Landing
The Navy's next carrier onboard delivery vehicle touched down on an aircraft carrier for the first time last week, the service announced.
A CMV-22B Osprey, assigned to the "Titans" of Navy's Fleet Logistics Multi-Mission Squadron (VRM) 30, landed aboard carrier USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70) off the coast of California as part of the ongoing workups to get the new CODs ready in time for a deployment aboard the carrier.
The tilt-rotors are being moved quickly into service to support a squadron of F-35C Lighting II Joint Strike Fighters that will deploy aboard Vinson. The older COD, the C-2A Greyhound, is unable to ferry the larger F-35 engine prompting the Navy to move the new aircraft into service for the upcoming Vinson deployment. The Navy is accelerating the retirement of the Greyhounds with the last of the aircraft leaving the service in 2024.
The first operational aircraft arrived at Naval Air Station North Island, Calif., in June. Ahead of delivery of their own aircraft, pilots and maintainers assigned to the squadron had trained with Marine MV-22Bs.
In 2018, the service awarded a $4.2-billion contract modification to Bell-Boeing for 39 of the tiltrotors. The overall program class is 48 aircraft.
"The CMV-22B will be capable of transporting up to 6,000 pounds of cargo and/or personnel over a 1,150 nautical mile range. This expanded range is due to the addition of two new 60-gallon tanks installed in the wing for an additional 120 gallons of fuel, and the forward sponson tanks were redesigned for additional capacity," reads a statement from the Navy.
"The CMV-22B variant has a beyond-line-of-sight high-frequency radio, a public address system for passengers, and an improved lighting system for cargo loading.
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This Day in U S Military History
1917 – The US 42nd "Rainbow" Division, so named because it contains men from every state in the nation, arrives in France. The division's chief-of-staff, and later commander, is General Douglas MacArthur.
1920 – The Navy minesweeper USS Swan ran aground on Duxbury Beach, MA. Coast Guardsmen from three nearby stations rescued the minesweeper's crew with a breeches buoy. The CGC Androscoggin assisted in the rescue.
1941 – Japanese Emperor Hirohito consulted with admirals Shimada and Nagano. Hirohito was deeply concerned by the decision to place "war preparations first and diplomatic negotiations second" and announced his intention to break with centuries-old protocol and, at the Imperial Conference on the following day, directly question the chiefs of the Army and Navy general staffs — a quite unprecedented action. Konoe quickly persuaded Hirohito to summon them for a private conference instead, at which the Emperor made it plain that a peaceful settlement was to be pursued "up to the last". Chief of Naval General Staff Admiral Osami Nagano, a former Navy Minister and vastly experienced, later told a trusted colleague "I have never seen the Emperor reprimand us in such a manner, his face turning red and raising his voice." The war preparations continued without the slightest change.
1942 – The Battle of Tassafaronga. American attempts to stop the regular night supply run of the "Tokyo Express" under Admiral Tanaka again develops into a major battle. Tanaka has 8 destroyers and Admiral Wright has 5 heavy cruisers and 7 destroyers. Wright uses radar to find the Japanese force and fire the first salvo. However, the American attack is ineffective with only one hit on a Japanese destroyer which sinks later. The Japanese sink one cruiser and damage 3 very seriously. Despite this success, Admiral Tanaka is reprimanded for failing to deliver the supplies needed by the starving Japanese forces on the island.
1972 – White House Press Secretary Ron Zeigler announces to the press that the administration will make no more public statements concerning U.S. troop withdrawals from Vietnam since the level of U.S. presence had fallen to 27,000 men. Defense Department sources said that there would not be a full withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam until a final truce agreement was signed, and that such an agreement would not affect the 54,000 U.S. servicemen in Thailand or the 60,000 aboard 7th Fleet ships off the Vietnamese coast. All U.S. forces were withdrawn from South Vietnam in March 1973 as part of the terms of the Paris Peace Accords, which were signed in January of that year.
1974 – Pioneer 11 sent photos back to NASA as it neared Jupiter. Pioneer 11 was launched on 5 April 1973, like Pioneer 10, on top of an Atlas/Centaur/TE364-4 launch vehicle. After safe passage through the Asteroid belt on 19 April 1974, the Pioneer 11 thrusters were fired to add another 63.7 m/sec (210 ft/sec) to the spacecraft's velocity. This adjusted the aiming point at Jupiter to 43,000 km (26,725 miles) above the cloudtops. The close approach also allowed the spacecraft to be accelerated by Jupiter to a velocity 55 times that of the muzzle velocity of a high speed rifle bullet – 173,000 km/hr (108,000 mph) – so that it would be carried across the Solar System some 2.4 billion kilometers (1.5 billion miles) to Saturn. It will make its closest approach to Jupiter on 2 December.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
*OHATA, ALLAN M.
Sergeant Allan M. Ohata distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 and 30 November 1943, near Cerasuolo, Italy. Sergeant Ohata, his squad leader, and three men were ordered to protect his platoon's left flank against an attacking enemy force of 40 men, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, and rifles. He posted one of his men, an automatic rifleman, on the extreme left, 15 yards from his own position. Taking his position, Sergeant Ohata delivered effective fire against the advancing enemy. The man to his left called for assistance when his automatic rifle was shot and damaged. With utter disregard for his personal safety, Sergeant Ohata left his position and advanced 15 yards through heavy machine gun fire. Reaching his comrade's position, he immediately fired upon the enemy, killing 10 enemy soldiers and successfully covering his comrade's withdrawal to replace his damaged weapon. Sergeant Ohata and the automatic rifleman held their position and killed 37 enemy soldiers. Both men then charged the three remaining soldiers and captured them. Later, Sergeant Ohata and the automatic rifleman stopped another attacking force of 14, killing four and wounding three while the others fled. The following day he and the automatic rifleman held their flank with grim determination and staved off all attacks. Staff Sergeant Ohata's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.
BARBER, WILLIAM E.
Rank and organization: Captain U.S. Marine Corps, commanding officer, Company F, 2d Battalion 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein.). Place and date: Chosin Reservoir area, Korea, 28 November to 2 December 1950. Entered service at: West Liberty, Ky. Born: 30 November 1919, Dehart, Ky. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of Company F in action against enemy aggressor forces. Assigned to defend a 3-mile mountain pass along the division's main supply line and commanding the only route of approach in the march from Yudam-ni to Hagaru-ri, Capt. Barber took position with his battle-weary troops and, before nightfall, had dug in and set up a defense along the frozen, snow-covered hillside. When a force of estimated regimental strength savagely attacked during the night, inflicting heavy casualties and finally surrounding his position following a bitterly fought 7-hour conflict, Capt. Barber, after repulsing the enemy gave assurance that he could hold if supplied by airdrops and requested permission to stand fast when orders were received by radio to fight his way back to a relieving force after 2 reinforcing units had been driven back under fierce resistance in their attempts to reach the isolated troops. Aware that leaving the position would sever contact with the 8,000 marines trapped at Yudam-ni and jeopardize their chances of joining the 3,000 more awaiting their arrival in Hagaru-ri for the continued drive to the sea, he chose to risk loss of his command rather than sacrifice more men if the enemy seized control and forced a renewed battle to regain the position, or abandon his many wounded who were unable to walk. Although severely wounded in the leg in the early morning of the 29th, Capt. Barber continued to maintain personal control, often moving up and down the lines on a stretcher to direct the defense and consistently encouraging and inspiring his men to supreme efforts despite the staggering opposition. Waging desperate battle throughout 5 days and 6 nights of repeated onslaughts launched by the fanatical aggressors, he and his heroic command accounted for approximately 1,000 enemy dead in this epic stand in bitter subzero weather, and when the company was relieved only 82 of his original 220 men were able to walk away from the position so valiantly defended against insuperable odds. His profound faith and courage, great personal valor, and unwavering fortitude were decisive factors in the successful withdrawal of the division from the deathtrap in the Chosin Reservoir sector and reflect the highest credit upon Capt. Barber, his intrepid officers and men, and the U.S. Naval Service.
*GEORGE, CHARLES
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company C, 179th Infantry Regiment, 45th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Songnae-dong, Korea, 30 November 1952. Entered service at: Whittier, N.C. Born: 23 August 1932, Cherokee, N.C. G.O. NO.: 19, 18 March 1954. Citation: Pfc. George, a member of Company C, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and outstanding courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy on the night of 30 November 1952. He was a member of a raiding party committed to engage the enemy and capture a prisoner for interrogation. Forging up the rugged slope of the key terrain feature, the group was subjected to intense mortar and machine gun fire and suffered several casualties. Throughout the advance, he fought valiantly and, upon reaching the crest of the hill, leaped into the trenches and closed with the enemy in hand-to-hand combat. When friendly troops were ordered to move back upon completion of the assignment, he and 2 comrades remained to cover the withdrawal. While in the process of leaving the trenches a hostile soldier hurled a grenade into their midst. Pfc. George shouted a warning to 1 comrade, pushed the other soldier out of danger, and, with full knowledge of the consequences, unhesitatingly threw himself upon the grenade, absorbing the full blast of the explosion. Although seriously wounded in this display of valor, he refrained from any outcry which would divulge the position of his companions. The 2 soldiers evacuated him to the forward aid station and shortly thereafter he succumbed to his wound. Pfc. George's indomitable courage, consummate devotion to duty, and willing self-sacrifice reflect the highest credit upon himself and uphold the finest traditions of the military service.
SITTER, CARL L.
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Marine Corps, Company G, 3d Battalion, 1st Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein.). Place and date: Hagaru-ri, Korea, 29 and 30 November 1950. Entered service at: Pueblo, Colo. Born: 2 December 1921, Syracuse, Mo. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty as commanding officer of Company G, in action against enemy aggressor forces. Ordered to break through enemy-infested territory to reinforce his battalion the morning of 29 November, Capt. Sitter continuously exposed himself to enemy fire as he led his company forward and, despite 25 percent casualties suffered m the furious action, succeeded in driving through to his objective. Assuming the responsibility of attempting to seize and occupy a strategic area occupied by a hostile force of regiment strength deeply entrenched on a snow-covered hill commanding the entire valley southeast of the town, as well as the line of march of friendly troops withdrawing to the south, he reorganized his depleted units the following morning and boldly led them up the steep, frozen hillside under blistering fire, encouraging and redeploying his troops as casualties occurred and directing forward platoons as they continued the drive to the top of the ridge. During the night when a vastly outnumbering enemy launched a sudden, vicious counterattack, setting the hill ablaze with mortar, machine gun, and automatic-weapons fire and taking a heavy toll in troops, Capt. Sitter visited each foxhole and gun position, coolly deploying and integrating reinforcing units consisting of service personnel unfamiliar with infantry tactics into a coordinated combat team and instilling in every man the will and determination to hold his position at all costs. With the enemy penetrating his lines in repeated counterattacks which often required hand-to-hand combat, and, on one occasion infiltrating to the command post with hand grenades, he fought gallantly with his men in repulsing and killing the fanatic attackers in each encounter. Painfully wounded in the face, arms, and chest by bursting grenades, he staunchly refused to be evacuated and continued to fight on until a successful defense of the area was assured with a loss to the enemy of more than 50 percent dead, wounded, and captured. His valiant leadership, superb tactics, and great personal valor throughout 36 hours of bitter combat reflect the highest credit upon Capt. Sitter and the U.S. Naval Service.
BOWEN, HAMMETT L., JR.
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 2d Battalion, 14th Infantry, 25th Infantry Division. Place and date: Binh Duong Province, Republic of Vietnam, 27 June 1969. Entered service at: Jacksonville, Fla. Born: 30 November 1947, Lagrange, Ga. Citation: S/Sgt. Bowen distinguished himself while serving as a platoon sergeant during combat operations in Binh Duong Province, Republic of Vietnam. S/Sgt. Bowen's platoon was advancing on a reconnaissance mission into enemy controlled terrain when it came under the withering crossfire of small arms and grenades from an enemy ambush force. S/Sgt. Bowen placed heavy suppressive fire on the enemy positions and ordered his men to fall back. As the platoon was moving back, an enemy grenade was thrown amid S/Sgt. Bowen and 3 of his men. Sensing the danger to his comrades, S/Sgt. Bowen shouted a warning to his men and hurled himself on the grenade, absorbing the explosion with his body while saving the lives of his fellow soldiers. S/Sgt. Bowen's extraordinary courage and concern for his men at the cost of his life served as an inspiration to his comrades and are in the highest traditions of the military service and the U.S. Army.
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This Day in Aviation History" brought to you by the Daedalians Airpower Blog Update. To subscribe to this weekly email, go to https://daedalians.org/airpower-blog/.
Nov. 29, 1910
Aircraft designer and entrepreneur Glenn H. Curtiss wrote to Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer, offering flight instruction without charge for one naval officer as a means of assisting "in developing the adaptability of the aeroplane to military purposes."
Nov. 30, 1912
Lt. Theodore G. Ellyson tested C-1 (later AB-1), the Navy's first flying boat, at Hammondsport, N.Y. The pilot described its performance as: "Circular climb, only one complete circle, 1,575 feet in 14 minutes 30 seconds fully loaded. On glide approximately 5.3 to 1. Speed, eight runs over measured mile, 59.4 miles per hour fully loaded. The endurance test was not made, owing to the fact that the weather has not been favorable, and I did not like to delay any longer." Ellyson was Daedalian Founder Member #4377.
Dec. 3, 1915
LTJG Richard C. Saufley set a U.S. altitude record for hydroaeroplanes in AH-14 at 11,975 feet over Pensacola, Florida, surpassing the pilot's own record of 11,056 feet, which he had set only three days before. The Aero Club of America awarded Saufley its Medal of Merit for "twice breaking the American Hydroaeroplane altitude record in one year." Saufley was Daedalian Founder Member #13307.
Dec. 5, 1907
In a letter to the Board of Ordnance and Fortification, Wilbur Wright proposed to build a military aircraft for $25,000. The board subsequently asked the Signal Corps for the desired specifications such a craft should include.
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This Week in American Military History:
Nov. 29, 1760: Rogers' Rangers under the command of Massachusetts-born Maj. (future Lt. Col.) Robert Rogers capture Fort Detroit from the French.
U.S. Army Rangers in the 20th and 21st centuries will trace their lineage to Rogers and his British Colonial irregulars.
Nov. 29, 1890: Navy beats Army, 24-zip, in the first-ever Army (West
Point) – Navy (Annapolis) football game.
Nov. 29, 1929: U.S. Navy Commander Richard E. Byrd Jr. makes the
first-ever flight over the South Pole. Byrd – a future rear admiral and recipient of the Medal of Honor for his 1926 flight over the North Pole – is the navigator of the South Pole
flight. His companions include pilot Bernt Balchen, radio operator Harold
June, and photographer Ashley McKinley. The team crosses the Pole in a modified Ford tri-motor airplane.
Nov. 30, 1864: Confederate Army forces under the command of Gen. John Bell Hood (yes, Fort Hood, Texas is named in his honor) clash with Union forces under Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield (yes, Schofield Barracks, Hawaii is named in his honor) near Franklin, Tennessee in what is about to become a Union victory and one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. By early evening, thousands on both sides will have been killed, and six Confederate generals will be dead or mortally wounded. Confederate Private Sam Watkins of the 1st Tennessee Infantry Regiment will describe the battle as: "the blackest page in the history of the War of the Lost Cause. It was the bloodiest battle of modern times in any war. It was the finishing stroke to the Independence of the Southern Confederacy. I was there. I saw it." Schofield, who will receive the Medal of Honor for his actions during the 1861 Battle of Wilson's Creek (Missouri), is destined for a third star, a posting as U.S. Secretary of War, and the title, commanding general of the U.S. Army.
Dec. 3, 1775: The Grand Union Flag (not to be confused with S.C. militia Col. Christopher Gadsden's rattlesnake flag or the Betsy Ross flag) is raised above the 20-gun Continental ship, Alfred. The ship, originally named Black Prince, has been renamed in honor of Alfred the Great.The hoisting of the "Grand Union" colors is the first time an American flag is raised above an American warship. On an interesting aside, Alfred will be part of the small flotilla that participates in America's first amphibious operation – Continental Marines and sailors seizing gunpowder and a few cannon from British-held Fort Montague in the Bahamas – the following March.
Dec. 4, 1783: Gen. George Washington bids farewell to the officers of the Continental Army at Fraunces Tavern in New York. According to the memoirs of Col. Benjamin Tallmadge: "After the officers had taken a glass of wine, General Washington said 'I cannot come to each of you but shall feel obliged if each of you will come and take me by the hand.' General Knox being nearest to him turned to the Commander-in-chief who, suffused in tears, was incapable of utterance but grasped his hand when they embraced each other in silence. In the same affectionate manner every officer in the room marched up and parted with his general in chief."
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for November 30, 2020 FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
30 November
1907: At Hammondsport, the Curtiss Motor Vehicle Company became the first airplane company formed in the US. (12)
1913: FIRST KNOWN AERIAL COMBAT. The action occurred between Phil Rader, flying for Gen Victoriano Huerta, and Dean Ivan Lamb, flying for Venustiano Carranza, over Naco, Mexico. An exact date of this action involving a dozen or so pistol shots is not known, but it happened in late November or early December. (21)
1943: The Martin JRM Mars flew from Patuxent River to Natal, Brazil, for its first operational mission. It made the 4,375-mile nonstop flight in 28 hours 25 minutes while carrying 13,000 pounds of cargo. Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox disclosed the feat on 10 December. The Mars set a record for cargo at 35,000 pounds for the 8,972-mile round trip. (24)
1948: Curtiss-Wright demonstrated new reversible pitch propellers, which enabled a C-54 to descend from 15,000 to 1,000 feet in 1 minute 22 seconds. (16) (26)
1951: KOREAN WAR. In one of the largest aerial battles of the war, F-86 pilots from the 4 FIG engaged 44 enemy aircraft over the island of Taehwa-do. The Sabre pilots destroyed 12 and damaged 3 others. Maj George A. Davis Jr., 334 FIS, achieved Korean War ace status by downing a TU-2 and a MiG-15. That achievement made him the first ace in two wars, since he had been an ace in World War II as well. Maj Winton W. Marshal, 335 FIS, also became an ace by destroying an LA-9 and a TU-2. Enemy forces attacked Taehwa-do, north of Cho-do, forcing friendly forces to retreat to Cho-do. Fifth Air Force aircraft dislodged the enemy, enabling friendly forces to retake the island. (21) (28) The 315th AD airlifted troops, supplies, and ammunition between Japan and Korea, flying 4,818 sorties that carried 70,664 passengers, 6,328 medical patients, and 8,406 tons of cargo. Airdrops to UN troops fighting in the mountains parachuted 120 tons of fuel, rations, and other supplies. Search and rescue units flew 324 sorties and helicopters evacuated 242 critically wounded patients and rescued six people trapped behind enemy lines. The Boat Section, 6160th ABG, saved twenty lives. UN reconnaissance aircraft flew more than 1,000 sorties to secure intelligence information on enemy ground dispositions, air targets, vehicle movements, airfield status, and weather. FEAF medium bombers dropped approximately 28,025,000 leaflets over rear area troops and civilians in North Korea, while C-47 cargo aircraft dropped approximately 58,814,000 over front-line areas. (28)
1956: The Martin TM-61 Matador, a jet-propelled missile, made its final test flight. It became the USAF's first "completely" tactical missile. (12) (24) The Air Force received its first F-86L Sabre.
1959: A B-47 bomber set a nonstop distance record and an airborne endurance record for jets by crisscrossing the US for 39,200 miles (equal to 1.6 times around the world) in 80 hours 36 minutes. The B-47 started from and returned to Wright-Patterson AFB. (24)
1962: NASA initiated a five-nation study with Argentina, Australia, Canada, and France to examine the upper atmosphere by launching Nike-Cajun and Nike-Apache rockets from Wallops Station. (24) Lockheed's XV-4A Hummingbird VTOL airplane made its first tethered hovering flight.
1978: The USAF received its last LGM-30G Minuteman III at Hill AFB. (6)
1983: The USAF used its FY1984 option to buy four more C-5Bs. (12) In the Titan II deactivation program, a contractor destroyed the first headworks of a launch site, 570-7, at Davis-Monthan AFB. (1)
1988: Civil strife, natural disasters, and territorial threats result in humanitarian airlifts by MAC with an ambulance to Douala, capital of Cameroon, and 31 pallets of medical equipment to N'Djamena, capital of Chad. Altogether, MAC airlifted 70 tons to both countries. (26)
1989: SAC opened its U-2 and TR-1 pilot training program to women.
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Thanks to Richard
Subject: Watch "Brad Meltzer's Decoded: The Mysterious Death of General Patton (S2, E4) | Full Episode | History" on YouTube
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