If you include images PLEASE
place them with their proper
TEXT CONTENT
in order for them to publish
Thank You
The List 5563 TGB
To All
Good Sunday Afternoon December 27
I managed to go through some more email.
Regards,
Skip
Thanks to Carl……Good article on Unit 731 the group that was mentioned in Yesterday's description of what the Japanese had planned for San Diego in September of 1945
DIRTY LITTLE SECRETS 13: Unit 731---Japan's Crown Jewel of War Crimes
(My mother-in-law was a young girl in Japan during WWII. She has many very interesting stories from that time! One is that the Japanese people were told that the Americans had yellow hair and green eyes! She thinks the senior military leadership was approving the atrocities like the one described below and the Emperor did not know!
She will soon be 92 and lives alone at the Air Force Enlisted Village near Eglin AFB in Fort Walton Beach. She has lost her husband and six adult children—three in 2020.)
DIRTY LITTLE SECRETS 13: Unit 731---Japan's Crown Jewel of War Crimes
By Dick Nelson '64
Most people associate the most horrible war crimes with WWII's Nazis, including the infamous Dr. Josef Mengele, the Auschwitz "Angel of Death." However, the evil "winner" in this category was unquestionably Lt.Gen. Shirō Ishii, the Imperial Japanese Army's Surgeon General and director of the secretive human experimentation facility near Harbin, in occupied Manchuria (now northeast China). This horrific place gave "war crime" new definitions of savagery and depravity. As many as 400,000 people (including Chinese civilians and Allied POWs) died in Dr. Ishii's experiments throughout China. But who was this "doctor of death," and what happened to him?
Shirō Ishii was a Japanese microbiologist, army medical officer, and war criminal who served as the director of Unit 731, the main biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army. Ironically, the unit's cover name was "Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army."
Ishii led the development and application of biological weapons at Unit 731 in Manchukuo (Manchuria) during the Japanese occupation of China, before and during WWII, from 1937 to 1945, including experiments on human subjects. These diabolical experiments had a sinister purpose.
The bubonic plague attacks at Chinese cities of Changde and Ningbo, and the intended "Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night" biological attack against the United States were directly planned and directed by Unit 731.
During the first few months at war with the United States following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan planned to use biological weapons against Americans. During the Philippines Campaign in March 1942, the Japanese considered releasing 200 lbs. of plague-carrying fleas—about 150 million insects—in each of ten separate attacks on American forces, but the Americans surrendered at Bataan before the plan was implemented. Around November 1944, Japan launched a total of 9,300 incendiary and antipersonnel bombs carried by balloons which were designed to rise to 30,000 ft., swept eastward by the jet stream to the continental United States. These actually killed six American civilians near Bly, Oregon; crashed into a farm in Medford, Oregon; and caused a short circuit in the power lines supplying electricity for the nuclear reactor cooling pumps in the Manhattan Project's production facility at the Hanford Site in Washington. (A backup system restored power.)
During the Battle of Iwo Jima, another biological attack was considered against the invading Americans. Pilot Shoichi Matsumoto later recounted how two gliders carrying pathogens were supposed to be towed over the battle and released, but the gliders that were to take off from mainland Japan to Matsumoto's airfield in Pingfang District in preparation for the attack never reached their destination.
During the last months of the war, Ishii was preparing for a long-distance attack on the United States with biological weapons. This operation, codenamed "Cherry Blossoms at Night," called for the use of airplanes to spread plague in San Diego at night. The plan was finalized on March 26, 1945. Five of the new I-400-class long-range submarines were to be sent across the Pacific Ocean, each carrying three aircraft loaded with plague-infected fleas. The submarines were to surface and launch the aircraft towards the target, either to drop the plague via balloon bombs, or to crash in enemy territory. Either way, the plague would then infect and kill thousands of people in the area. The mission was extremely risky for the pilots and submariners, likely a one-way Kamikaze mission. The plan was scheduled to begin on September 22, 1945 but was not realized because of the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945. The people of San Diego probably never knew how close they had come to being wiped out.
Ishii and Unit 731 engaged in forced human experimentation on civilians and prisoners of war and were responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes of Imperial Japan during the Pacific War. In a perverted version of Operation Paperclip (the importation of the Nazi rocket scientists), Gen. Ishii and Unit 731 were granted full immunity in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East by Gen. MacArthur and the United States government in exchange for information and research to aid the U.S. biological warfare program.
Even surpassing the Nazi doctors, Gen. Ishii's organization used prisoners (including some unidentified Allied POWs) for the following experiments. Some of the tests have been described as "psychopathically sadistic, with no conceivable military application":
· Surgical dismemberment (vivisection) without anesthesia
· Testing of weapons and explosives on the human body
· Biological infection (cholera, anthrax, plague, tuberculosis, etc.)
· Chemical weapons exposure
· Hypobaric (low pressure) chamber exposure
· Deprivation of food and water until death
· Frostbite testing
· Electrocution
· Injection of animal blood
· Effect of centrifuge "g" force limits on the human body
· Radiation tolerance
· Chemical weapons within gas chambers
· Crushing prisoners with heavy objects
· Burning or burying prisoners alive
· Rape and/or forced pregnancy
· Syphilis exposure
As the Pacific War came to an end, Soviet troops swept into Manchuria. The unit had to abandon their work in haste. Tokyo ordered the destruction of all incriminating materials. Potential witnesses, such as the 300 remaining POWs, were either gassed or fed poison while the 600 Chinese and Manchurian laborers were shot. Ishii ordered every member of the staff to disappear and "take the secret to the grave." Potassium cyanide vials were issued for use in the event that the remaining personnel were captured. Ishii's Japanese troops blew up the compound in the final days of the war to destroy evidence of their activities, but many were sturdy enough to remain somewhat intact.
While the Soviets wanted to try Ishii and the Unit 731 staff for war crimes, Gen. MacArthur secretly granted immunity to the physicians and staff of Unit 731, including their leader, in exchange for providing America---but not the other wartime allies---with their research on biological warfare and data from human experimentation. American occupation authorities monitored the activities of former unit members, including reading and censoring their mail. The Americans believed that the research data was invaluable, and did not want other nations, particularly the Soviet Union, to acquire data on biological weapons.
Apparently, the Unit 731 data, including files, were transferred to the U.S. Army's Ft. Detrick biological research facility, and the Unit 731 participants were allowed to lead normal lives in Japan. It is suspected that Lt.Gen. Ishii was brought to Ft. Detrick and worked there in secret for several years, assisting U.S. bio-warfare efforts. He died in Tokyo in 1959 of cancer, never having to pay for his crimes.
**
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Thanks to Bunga
CV64 "Connie" SURGEX December 27th, 1978 - Dates in History
Merry Christmas Skip! Hope this finds you and yours well! Don't know if this makes the cut, but I think this was the first major deployment to US Interests in the Arabian Gulf since before WWII. I know we all had our wives over for a 4-6 week limited availability and Christmas Holidays.....then we got word the Shah had fallen and we were getting underway the next day, December 27th, 1978......and we are still there!
Check Six!
Bunga
On September 26, 1978, the "Connie" sailed west again beginning her 11th deployment. On Dec. 27, the Battle Group was directed to the vicinity of Singapore in response to the internal crisis in Iran and because of vital U.S. interests in the Arabian Gulf area, but on January 2, 1979, the President directed USS Constellation and her escort ships to remain on station in the South China Sea and not enter the Indian Ocean. The BG was released from contingency operations in the South China Sea on Jan. 28. The crisis in Iran abated when the Shah of Iran departed for exile on January 16. Due to the uneasy situation in Iran all U.S. government dependents and nonessential American citizens were ordered to evacuate the country on January 30. The BG was ordered to the Gulf of Aden on March 7 in response to the conflict between North and South Yemen. On April 16, CV 64 was relieved by USS Midway as the Indian Ocean contingency carrier. USS Constellation returned to San Diego May 17.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Thanks to THE Bear via Dutch …
Dutch... Here's an ex-carrier skipper's Christmas note to a legion of old shipmates on Facebook... Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
Begin forwarded message:
From: Jerry Taylor
Date: December 24, 2020
From the bridge, so to speak. Adventurers, patriots and old warriors of the great warship Coral Sea. Tactical call: Mustang. Merry Christmas and Happy 2021…
2020 is about to fall astern. Good riddance. But 2021 won't be any easier. Our nation is divided and political infighting is tearing us apart. Unless stouthearted men and women step forward to follow the cadence of inspiring leaders, who know what needs to be done, and together we are able to put our ship of state on a new course away from shoal water, disaster lies dead ahead for America. Time is short.
Grit and self-sacrifice by all Americans will be required in the new year. Grit and self-sacrifice are qualities that have always been abundant in the brave hearts and fighting spirit of Coral Sea sailors through the ages. In this new year, much will be expected of each us as our nation struggles to set a new course. I would expect old warhorses from Coral Maru — Mustang — to be among the first to step forward and do some duty for our country as the year and historic events unfold. 2021 will be a perilous journey and very memorable year. Buckle-up.
To my old shipmates, and all Coral Sea sailors: I wish you and your families a Merry Christmas and a healthy, happy new year…
Bear Taylor, Mustang One, CO-CVA-43 (1983-1984)...
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Skip:
FWIW; this is in response – and endorsement – of Bear's words, Above. You may use/edit as you see fit.
I was CAG (CVW-14) on "Mustang" when Bear was CO and want him and all Coral Sea sailors – and all CAG-14 sailors – to know that "CAG" has taken up Bear's challenge and remains in the battle to protect and preserve our Nation a Constitutional Republic, as our Founders intended. We are in danger of drifting – rapidly – into that shoal water (and the Marxist/Socialist Swamp), unless we take up the mantle of leadership and duty inbred since our founding and, personally and professionally, since we assumed the mantle of Service and Sacrifice for our God, our Nation and our Families.
I'm sitting on Cat 3, saluting…Launch 'em!!!
Roy "Outlaw" Cash
CAPT USN (Retired)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
This Day in U S Military History
1846 – The rag-tag army of volunteers known as Doniphan's Thousand, led by Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan, wins a major victory in the war with Mexico with the occupation of El Paso. Born in Kentucky in 1808, Doniphan moved to Missouri in 1830 to practice law. But the tall redheaded man was not satisfied with fighting only courtroom battles, and he volunteered as a brigadier general in the Missouri militia. When war between Mexico and the U.S. erupted in 1846, the men of the 1st Missouri Mounted Volunteers elected Doniphan their colonel, and marched south to join General Stephen Kearny's army in New Mexico. Since they were not professional military men, Doniphan's troops cared little for the traditional spit-and-polish of the regular troops, and reportedly looked more like tramps than soldiers. Likewise, Doniphan was a casual officer who led more by example than by strict discipline. Nonetheless, Doniphan's Thousand proved to be a surprisingly effective force in the war with Mexico. In December, Doniphan led 500 of his men and a large wagon train of supplies south to join General John E. Wool in his planned invasion of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Before he had a chance to meet up with Wool's larger force near the city of Chihuahua, Doniphan encountered an army of 1,200 Mexican soldiers about 30 miles north of El Paso, Texas. Although his opponents had twice the number of soldiers, Doniphan led his men to victory, and with the path to El Paso now largely undefended was able to occupy the city two days later. When nearing the Mexican border, Doniphan learned that General Wool's forces had broken off their invasion of Chihuahua because the army's wheeled vehicles had proved unworkable in the desert landscape. But rather than turn back, Doniphan reassembled his army to its full force of about 1,000 men and was allowed to proceed with the invasion unassisted. Once again grossly outnumbered-the Mexican army was four times the size of Doniphan's-the Missouri troops were still able to quickly break through the defensive lines and occupy Chihuahua City. By mid-summer 1847, Doniphan's victorious army reached the Gulf Coast, where they were picked up by ships and taken to New Orleans for discharge. By then, the focus of the battle had shifted to General Winfield Scott's campaign to take Mexico City. In September of that year, Scott's troops ended the war by successfully occupying Mexico City, and for the first time in U.S. history an American flag flew over a foreign capital. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed early in 1848, gave the U.S. the vast western territory stretching from Texas to the Pacific and north to Oregon.
1943 – The threat of a paralyzing railroad strike loomed over the United States during the 1943 holiday season. President Franklin Roosevelt stepped in to serve as a negotiator, imploring the rail unions to give America a "Christmas present" and settle the smoldering wage dispute. But, as Christmas came and went, only two of the five railroad brotherhoods agreed to let Roosevelt arbitrate the situation. So, on December 27, just three days before the scheduled walk-out, the President shelved his nice-guy rhetoric and seized the railroads. Lest the move look too aggressive, Roosevelt assured that the railroads would only be temporarily placed under the "supervision" of the War Department; he also pledged that the situation would not alter daily rail operations. The gambit worked, as officials for the recalcitrant brotherhoods made an eleventh-hour decision to avert the strike. The action was taken under the wartime Labor Disputes Act. The railroads were returned to private management on January 18, 1944.
1944 – Attacks by the British 30th Corps (part of US 1st Army) force the German 2nd Panzer Division (an element of 5th Panzer Army) out of Celles. The US 3rd Army expands the corridor to Bastogne.
1944 – The US 8th Air Force bombs Coblenz, Bonn and Kaiserslautern (nominally railway targets). The RAF conducts nighttime raids on Munchen-Gladbach and Bonn.
1945 – Foreign ministers from the former Allied nations of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain agreed to divide Korea into two separate occupation zones and to govern the nation for five years.
1950 – Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway took command of U.N. ground forces in Korea. Ridgway was a former commander of the 82nd Airborne Division and XVIII Airborne Corps in Europe during World War II. Upon assuming command, he moved immediately to the front to learn the situation first hand. Concurrently with Ridgway's assumption of command, X Corps passed from control of General Headquarters, Far East Command, to the Eighth Army.
1950 – Captain Marcus L. Sullivan became the first Army aviator to pilot a helicopter, a Bell H-13, in Korea.
1968 – Apollo 8, the first manned mission to the moon, returns safely to Earth after an historic six-day journey. On December 21, Apollo 8 was launched by a three-stage Saturn 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, with astronauts Frank Borman, James Lovell, Jr., and William Anders aboard. On Christmas Eve, the astronauts entered into orbit around the moon, the first manned spacecraft ever to do so. During Apollo 8's 10 lunar orbits, television images were sent back home and spectacular photos were taken of the Earth and the moon from the spacecraft. In addition to being the first human beings to view firsthand their home world in its entirety, the three astronauts were also the first to see the dark side of the moon. On Christmas morning, Apollo 8 left its lunar orbit and began its journey back to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on December 27. On July 20 of the following year, Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, astronauts of the Apollo 11 mission, became the first men to walk on the moon.
1969 – In the fiercest battle in six weeks, U.S. and North Vietnamese forces clash near Loc Ninh, about 80 miles north of Saigon. Elements of the 1st Infantry Division reported killing 72 of 250 North Vietnamese soldiers in a daylong battle. Loc Ninh, a village of fewer than 10,000 people, was located at the northern limit of national Route 13, only a few miles from the Cambodian border. It was the site of several major battles between U.S. and Communist forces. On April 5, 1972, as part of their Easter Offensive, North Vietnamese forces overtook Loc Ninh during their attempt to capture the An Loc provincial capital to the south.
2012 – Retired General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., commander of the combined coalition forces during the Gulf War, dies from pneumonia complications at age 78.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
MORTON, CHARLES W.
Rank and organization: Boatswain's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 1836, Ireland. Accredited to: Maryland. G.O. No.: 11, 3 April 1863. Citation: Serving as boatswain's mate on board the U.S.S. Benton during the Yazoo River Expedition, 23 to 27 December 1863. Taking part in the hour_and_a_half engagement with the enemy at Drumgould's Bluff, 27 December, Morton served courageously throughout the battle against the hostile forces, who had the dead range of the vessel and were punishing her with heavy fire, until the Benton was ordered to withdraw.
ROBINSON, CHARLES
Rank and organization: Boatswain's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 1832 Scotland. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 11, 3 April 1863. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. Baron de Kalb, Yazoo River Expedition, 23 to 27 December 1862. Proceeding under orders up the Yazoo River, the U.S.S. Baron de Kalb, with the object of capturing or destroying the enemy's transports, came upon the steamers John Walsh, R. J. Locklan, Golden Age, and the Scotland sunk on a bar where they were ordered fired. Continuing up the river, she was fired on by the enemy, but upon returning the fire, caused the rebels to retreat. Returning down the Yazoo, she destroyed and captured large quantities of enemy equipment and several prisoners. Serving bravely throughout this action, Robinson, as boatswain's mate, "d1stinguished himself in the various actions."
WILLIAMS, ROBERT
Rank and organization: Signal Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Born: 1837, New York, N.Y. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 11, 3 April 1863. Citation: Serving as quartermaster on board the U.S.S. Benton during the Yazoo River Expedition, 23 to 27 December 1862. Taking part in the hour_and_a_half engagement with the enemy at Drumgould's Bluff, 27 December, Williams served courageously throughout that battle against hostile forces in which the enemy had the dead range of the vessel and were punishing her with heavy fire and, for various other action in which he took part during the Yazoo River Expedition.
WHITELEY, ELI
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company L, 15th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division. Place and date: Sigolsheim, France, 27 December 1944. Entered service at: Georgetown, Tex. Birth: Florence, Tex. G.O. No.: 79, 14 September 1945. Citation: While leading his platoon on 27 December 1944, in savage house-to-house fighting through the fortress town of Sigolsheim, France, he attacked a building through a street swept by withering mortar and automatic weapons fire. He was hit and severely wounded in the arm and shoulder; but he charged into the house alone and killed its 2 defenders. Hurling smoke and fragmentation grenades before him, he reached the next house and stormed inside, killing 2 and capturing 11 of the enemy. He continued leading his platoon in the extremely dangerous task of clearing hostile troops from strong points along the street until he reached a building held by fanatical Nazi troops. Although suffering from wounds which had rendered his left arm useless, he advanced on this strongly defended house, and after blasting out a wall with bazooka fire, charged through a hail of bullets. Wedging his submachinegun under his uninjured arm, he rushed into the house through the hole torn by his rockets, killed 5 of the enemy and forced the remaining 12 to surrender. As he emerged to continue his fearless attack, he was again hit and critically wounded. In agony and with 1 eye pierced by a shell fragment, he shouted for his men to follow him to the next house. He was determined to stay in the fighting, and remained at the head of his platoon until forcibly evacuated. By his disregard for personal safety, his aggressiveness while suffering from severe wounds, his determined leadership and superb courage, 1st Lt. Whiteley killed 9 Germans, captured 23 more and spearheaded an attack which cracked the core of enemy resistance in a vital area.
JENNINGS, DELBERT O.
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 1st Battalion (Airborne), 12th Cavalry, 1st Air Cavalry Division. Place and date: Kim Song Valley, Republic of Vietnam, 27 December 1966. Entered service at: San Francisco, Calif. Born: 23 July 1936, Silver City, N. Mex. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. Part of Company C was defending an artillery position when attacked by a North Vietnamese Army regiment supported by mortar, recoilless-rifle, and machine gun fire. At the outset, S/Sgt. Jennings sprang to his bunker, astride the main attack route, and slowed the on-coming enemy wave with highly effective machine gun fire. Despite a tenacious defense in which he killed at least 12 of the enemy, his squad was forced to the rear. After covering the withdrawal of the squad, he rejoined his men, destroyed an enemy demolition crew about to blow up a nearby howitzer, and killed 3 enemy soldiers at his initial bunker position. Ordering his men back into a secondary position, he again covered their withdrawal, killing 1 enemy with the butt of his weapon. Observing that some of the defenders were unaware of an enemy force in their rear, he raced through a fire-swept area to warn the men, turn their fire on the enemy, and lead them into the secondary perimeter. Assisting in the defense of the new position, he aided the air-landing of reinforcements by throwing white phosphorous grenades on the landing zone despite dangerously silhouetting himself with the light. After helping to repulse the final enemy assaults, he led a group of volunteers well beyond friendly lines to an area where 8 seriously wounded men lay. Braving enemy sniper fire and ignoring the presence of booby traps in the area, they recovered the 8 men who would have probably perished without early medical treatment. S/Sgt. Jenning's extraordinary heroism and inspirational leadership saved the lives of many of his comrades and contributed greatly to the defeat of a superior enemy force. His actions stand with the highest traditions of the military profession and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for December 27, 2020 FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
27 December
1925: Daniel Guggenheim set up a $2.5million fund to promote aeronautics and speed the development of American aviation. (8: Dec 90)
1935: The 5th Group (Composite) dropped bombs to redirect the Mauna Loa lava flow away from the waterworks at Hilo, Hawaii. (21) (24)
1942: Flying his P-38 Lightning against the Japanese in the Pacific, 2Lt Richard I. Bong scored his first two aerial victories. He later became the top ace in the war. (21)
1951: KOREAN WAR. Far East Air Forces aircraft flew 900 sorties, the largest number of the month, to damage or destroy locomotives, railcars, buildings, vehicles, and gun positions. (28)
1952: KOREAN WAR. Through 31 December, the 581st Air Resupply and Communications Wing flight of four H-19 helicopters at Seoul flew several experimental agent insertion sorties into enemy territory for covert and clandestine intelligence activities. (28)
1955: Douglas Aircraft Company received a contract for the Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile's airframe. (6)
1970: The 374th Tactical Airlift Wing flew the last C-130A mission in South Vietnam. The mission recovered at Naha AB, Japan on the 28 December. Thereafter, the Military Assistance Command's (Vietnam) airlift structure no longer included C-130As. (17)
1989: Operation JUST CAUSE. The Military Airlift Command began flying humanitarian assistance missions to Panama. (8: Mar 90)
1992: Operation SOUTHERN WATCH. Two F-16 Fighting Falcons from the 363rd Fighter Wing at Shaw AFB, N. C., intercepted two MiG-25s in the "no-fly" zone in Southern Iraq. The 33rd Fighter Squadron Commander, Lt Col Gary North, fired an AIM-120A missile and shot down a MiG-25. The event featured several firsts: the first combat use of the AIM-120A, the first beyond visual range kill, and the first USAF F-16 air-to-air victory. (16) (20)
2003: On 26 December, a 6.7 earthquake hit in Iran's southeastern Kerman Province near the historic city of Bam. From 27 to 29 December, the Air Mobility Command flew several humanitarian airlift missions to help the earthquake victims. A single C-5 flew from Travis AFB, Calif., to Kuwait City International Airport, where passengers and cargo transferred to C-130s for an airlift to Kerman AB, Iran. Nine C-130 missions and two C-17 missions eventually carried 338,000 pounds of cargo to Kerman. On 28 December, a 137th Airlift Wing (Oklahoma Air Guard) C-130H became the first USAF asset to land in Iran in over 20 years. (22)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unsubscribe: Thelist-leave@skipsthelist.org
To All
Good Sunday Afternoon December 27
I managed to go through some more email.
Regards,
Skip
Thanks to Carl……Good article on Unit 731 the group that was mentioned in Yesterday's description of what the Japanese had planned for San Diego in September of 1945
DIRTY LITTLE SECRETS 13: Unit 731---Japan's Crown Jewel of War Crimes
(My mother-in-law was a young girl in Japan during WWII. She has many very interesting stories from that time! One is that the Japanese people were told that the Americans had yellow hair and green eyes! She thinks the senior military leadership was approving the atrocities like the one described below and the Emperor did not know!
She will soon be 92 and lives alone at the Air Force Enlisted Village near Eglin AFB in Fort Walton Beach. She has lost her husband and six adult children—three in 2020.)
DIRTY LITTLE SECRETS 13: Unit 731---Japan's Crown Jewel of War Crimes
By Dick Nelson '64
Most people associate the most horrible war crimes with WWII's Nazis, including the infamous Dr. Josef Mengele, the Auschwitz "Angel of Death." However, the evil "winner" in this category was unquestionably Lt.Gen. Shirō Ishii, the Imperial Japanese Army's Surgeon General and director of the secretive human experimentation facility near Harbin, in occupied Manchuria (now northeast China). This horrific place gave "war crime" new definitions of savagery and depravity. As many as 400,000 people (including Chinese civilians and Allied POWs) died in Dr. Ishii's experiments throughout China. But who was this "doctor of death," and what happened to him?
Shirō Ishii was a Japanese microbiologist, army medical officer, and war criminal who served as the director of Unit 731, the main biological warfare unit of the Imperial Japanese Army. Ironically, the unit's cover name was "Epidemic Prevention and Water Purification Department of the Kwantung Army."
Ishii led the development and application of biological weapons at Unit 731 in Manchukuo (Manchuria) during the Japanese occupation of China, before and during WWII, from 1937 to 1945, including experiments on human subjects. These diabolical experiments had a sinister purpose.
The bubonic plague attacks at Chinese cities of Changde and Ningbo, and the intended "Operation Cherry Blossoms at Night" biological attack against the United States were directly planned and directed by Unit 731.
During the first few months at war with the United States following the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan planned to use biological weapons against Americans. During the Philippines Campaign in March 1942, the Japanese considered releasing 200 lbs. of plague-carrying fleas—about 150 million insects—in each of ten separate attacks on American forces, but the Americans surrendered at Bataan before the plan was implemented. Around November 1944, Japan launched a total of 9,300 incendiary and antipersonnel bombs carried by balloons which were designed to rise to 30,000 ft., swept eastward by the jet stream to the continental United States. These actually killed six American civilians near Bly, Oregon; crashed into a farm in Medford, Oregon; and caused a short circuit in the power lines supplying electricity for the nuclear reactor cooling pumps in the Manhattan Project's production facility at the Hanford Site in Washington. (A backup system restored power.)
During the Battle of Iwo Jima, another biological attack was considered against the invading Americans. Pilot Shoichi Matsumoto later recounted how two gliders carrying pathogens were supposed to be towed over the battle and released, but the gliders that were to take off from mainland Japan to Matsumoto's airfield in Pingfang District in preparation for the attack never reached their destination.
During the last months of the war, Ishii was preparing for a long-distance attack on the United States with biological weapons. This operation, codenamed "Cherry Blossoms at Night," called for the use of airplanes to spread plague in San Diego at night. The plan was finalized on March 26, 1945. Five of the new I-400-class long-range submarines were to be sent across the Pacific Ocean, each carrying three aircraft loaded with plague-infected fleas. The submarines were to surface and launch the aircraft towards the target, either to drop the plague via balloon bombs, or to crash in enemy territory. Either way, the plague would then infect and kill thousands of people in the area. The mission was extremely risky for the pilots and submariners, likely a one-way Kamikaze mission. The plan was scheduled to begin on September 22, 1945 but was not realized because of the surrender of Japan on August 15, 1945. The people of San Diego probably never knew how close they had come to being wiped out.
Ishii and Unit 731 engaged in forced human experimentation on civilians and prisoners of war and were responsible for some of the most notorious war crimes of Imperial Japan during the Pacific War. In a perverted version of Operation Paperclip (the importation of the Nazi rocket scientists), Gen. Ishii and Unit 731 were granted full immunity in the International Military Tribunal for the Far East by Gen. MacArthur and the United States government in exchange for information and research to aid the U.S. biological warfare program.
Even surpassing the Nazi doctors, Gen. Ishii's organization used prisoners (including some unidentified Allied POWs) for the following experiments. Some of the tests have been described as "psychopathically sadistic, with no conceivable military application":
· Surgical dismemberment (vivisection) without anesthesia
· Testing of weapons and explosives on the human body
· Biological infection (cholera, anthrax, plague, tuberculosis, etc.)
· Chemical weapons exposure
· Hypobaric (low pressure) chamber exposure
· Deprivation of food and water until death
· Frostbite testing
· Electrocution
· Injection of animal blood
· Effect of centrifuge "g" force limits on the human body
· Radiation tolerance
· Chemical weapons within gas chambers
· Crushing prisoners with heavy objects
· Burning or burying prisoners alive
· Rape and/or forced pregnancy
· Syphilis exposure
As the Pacific War came to an end, Soviet troops swept into Manchuria. The unit had to abandon their work in haste. Tokyo ordered the destruction of all incriminating materials. Potential witnesses, such as the 300 remaining POWs, were either gassed or fed poison while the 600 Chinese and Manchurian laborers were shot. Ishii ordered every member of the staff to disappear and "take the secret to the grave." Potassium cyanide vials were issued for use in the event that the remaining personnel were captured. Ishii's Japanese troops blew up the compound in the final days of the war to destroy evidence of their activities, but many were sturdy enough to remain somewhat intact.
While the Soviets wanted to try Ishii and the Unit 731 staff for war crimes, Gen. MacArthur secretly granted immunity to the physicians and staff of Unit 731, including their leader, in exchange for providing America---but not the other wartime allies---with their research on biological warfare and data from human experimentation. American occupation authorities monitored the activities of former unit members, including reading and censoring their mail. The Americans believed that the research data was invaluable, and did not want other nations, particularly the Soviet Union, to acquire data on biological weapons.
Apparently, the Unit 731 data, including files, were transferred to the U.S. Army's Ft. Detrick biological research facility, and the Unit 731 participants were allowed to lead normal lives in Japan. It is suspected that Lt.Gen. Ishii was brought to Ft. Detrick and worked there in secret for several years, assisting U.S. bio-warfare efforts. He died in Tokyo in 1959 of cancer, never having to pay for his crimes.
**
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Thanks to Bunga
CV64 "Connie" SURGEX December 27th, 1978 - Dates in History
Merry Christmas Skip! Hope this finds you and yours well! Don't know if this makes the cut, but I think this was the first major deployment to US Interests in the Arabian Gulf since before WWII. I know we all had our wives over for a 4-6 week limited availability and Christmas Holidays.....then we got word the Shah had fallen and we were getting underway the next day, December 27th, 1978......and we are still there!
Check Six!
Bunga
On September 26, 1978, the "Connie" sailed west again beginning her 11th deployment. On Dec. 27, the Battle Group was directed to the vicinity of Singapore in response to the internal crisis in Iran and because of vital U.S. interests in the Arabian Gulf area, but on January 2, 1979, the President directed USS Constellation and her escort ships to remain on station in the South China Sea and not enter the Indian Ocean. The BG was released from contingency operations in the South China Sea on Jan. 28. The crisis in Iran abated when the Shah of Iran departed for exile on January 16. Due to the uneasy situation in Iran all U.S. government dependents and nonessential American citizens were ordered to evacuate the country on January 30. The BG was ordered to the Gulf of Aden on March 7 in response to the conflict between North and South Yemen. On April 16, CV 64 was relieved by USS Midway as the Indian Ocean contingency carrier. USS Constellation returned to San Diego May 17.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Thanks to THE Bear via Dutch …
Dutch... Here's an ex-carrier skipper's Christmas note to a legion of old shipmates on Facebook... Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
Begin forwarded message:
From: Jerry Taylor
Date: December 24, 2020
From the bridge, so to speak. Adventurers, patriots and old warriors of the great warship Coral Sea. Tactical call: Mustang. Merry Christmas and Happy 2021…
2020 is about to fall astern. Good riddance. But 2021 won't be any easier. Our nation is divided and political infighting is tearing us apart. Unless stouthearted men and women step forward to follow the cadence of inspiring leaders, who know what needs to be done, and together we are able to put our ship of state on a new course away from shoal water, disaster lies dead ahead for America. Time is short.
Grit and self-sacrifice by all Americans will be required in the new year. Grit and self-sacrifice are qualities that have always been abundant in the brave hearts and fighting spirit of Coral Sea sailors through the ages. In this new year, much will be expected of each us as our nation struggles to set a new course. I would expect old warhorses from Coral Maru — Mustang — to be among the first to step forward and do some duty for our country as the year and historic events unfold. 2021 will be a perilous journey and very memorable year. Buckle-up.
To my old shipmates, and all Coral Sea sailors: I wish you and your families a Merry Christmas and a healthy, happy new year…
Bear Taylor, Mustang One, CO-CVA-43 (1983-1984)...
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
Skip:
FWIW; this is in response – and endorsement – of Bear's words, Above. You may use/edit as you see fit.
I was CAG (CVW-14) on "Mustang" when Bear was CO and want him and all Coral Sea sailors – and all CAG-14 sailors – to know that "CAG" has taken up Bear's challenge and remains in the battle to protect and preserve our Nation a Constitutional Republic, as our Founders intended. We are in danger of drifting – rapidly – into that shoal water (and the Marxist/Socialist Swamp), unless we take up the mantle of leadership and duty inbred since our founding and, personally and professionally, since we assumed the mantle of Service and Sacrifice for our God, our Nation and our Families.
I'm sitting on Cat 3, saluting…Launch 'em!!!
Roy "Outlaw" Cash
CAPT USN (Retired)
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
This Day in U S Military History
1846 – The rag-tag army of volunteers known as Doniphan's Thousand, led by Colonel Alexander W. Doniphan, wins a major victory in the war with Mexico with the occupation of El Paso. Born in Kentucky in 1808, Doniphan moved to Missouri in 1830 to practice law. But the tall redheaded man was not satisfied with fighting only courtroom battles, and he volunteered as a brigadier general in the Missouri militia. When war between Mexico and the U.S. erupted in 1846, the men of the 1st Missouri Mounted Volunteers elected Doniphan their colonel, and marched south to join General Stephen Kearny's army in New Mexico. Since they were not professional military men, Doniphan's troops cared little for the traditional spit-and-polish of the regular troops, and reportedly looked more like tramps than soldiers. Likewise, Doniphan was a casual officer who led more by example than by strict discipline. Nonetheless, Doniphan's Thousand proved to be a surprisingly effective force in the war with Mexico. In December, Doniphan led 500 of his men and a large wagon train of supplies south to join General John E. Wool in his planned invasion of the Mexican state of Chihuahua. Before he had a chance to meet up with Wool's larger force near the city of Chihuahua, Doniphan encountered an army of 1,200 Mexican soldiers about 30 miles north of El Paso, Texas. Although his opponents had twice the number of soldiers, Doniphan led his men to victory, and with the path to El Paso now largely undefended was able to occupy the city two days later. When nearing the Mexican border, Doniphan learned that General Wool's forces had broken off their invasion of Chihuahua because the army's wheeled vehicles had proved unworkable in the desert landscape. But rather than turn back, Doniphan reassembled his army to its full force of about 1,000 men and was allowed to proceed with the invasion unassisted. Once again grossly outnumbered-the Mexican army was four times the size of Doniphan's-the Missouri troops were still able to quickly break through the defensive lines and occupy Chihuahua City. By mid-summer 1847, Doniphan's victorious army reached the Gulf Coast, where they were picked up by ships and taken to New Orleans for discharge. By then, the focus of the battle had shifted to General Winfield Scott's campaign to take Mexico City. In September of that year, Scott's troops ended the war by successfully occupying Mexico City, and for the first time in U.S. history an American flag flew over a foreign capital. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, signed early in 1848, gave the U.S. the vast western territory stretching from Texas to the Pacific and north to Oregon.
1943 – The threat of a paralyzing railroad strike loomed over the United States during the 1943 holiday season. President Franklin Roosevelt stepped in to serve as a negotiator, imploring the rail unions to give America a "Christmas present" and settle the smoldering wage dispute. But, as Christmas came and went, only two of the five railroad brotherhoods agreed to let Roosevelt arbitrate the situation. So, on December 27, just three days before the scheduled walk-out, the President shelved his nice-guy rhetoric and seized the railroads. Lest the move look too aggressive, Roosevelt assured that the railroads would only be temporarily placed under the "supervision" of the War Department; he also pledged that the situation would not alter daily rail operations. The gambit worked, as officials for the recalcitrant brotherhoods made an eleventh-hour decision to avert the strike. The action was taken under the wartime Labor Disputes Act. The railroads were returned to private management on January 18, 1944.
1944 – Attacks by the British 30th Corps (part of US 1st Army) force the German 2nd Panzer Division (an element of 5th Panzer Army) out of Celles. The US 3rd Army expands the corridor to Bastogne.
1944 – The US 8th Air Force bombs Coblenz, Bonn and Kaiserslautern (nominally railway targets). The RAF conducts nighttime raids on Munchen-Gladbach and Bonn.
1945 – Foreign ministers from the former Allied nations of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Great Britain agreed to divide Korea into two separate occupation zones and to govern the nation for five years.
1950 – Lieutenant General Matthew B. Ridgway took command of U.N. ground forces in Korea. Ridgway was a former commander of the 82nd Airborne Division and XVIII Airborne Corps in Europe during World War II. Upon assuming command, he moved immediately to the front to learn the situation first hand. Concurrently with Ridgway's assumption of command, X Corps passed from control of General Headquarters, Far East Command, to the Eighth Army.
1950 – Captain Marcus L. Sullivan became the first Army aviator to pilot a helicopter, a Bell H-13, in Korea.
1968 – Apollo 8, the first manned mission to the moon, returns safely to Earth after an historic six-day journey. On December 21, Apollo 8 was launched by a three-stage Saturn 5 rocket from Cape Canaveral, Florida, with astronauts Frank Borman, James Lovell, Jr., and William Anders aboard. On Christmas Eve, the astronauts entered into orbit around the moon, the first manned spacecraft ever to do so. During Apollo 8's 10 lunar orbits, television images were sent back home and spectacular photos were taken of the Earth and the moon from the spacecraft. In addition to being the first human beings to view firsthand their home world in its entirety, the three astronauts were also the first to see the dark side of the moon. On Christmas morning, Apollo 8 left its lunar orbit and began its journey back to Earth, landing safely in the Pacific Ocean on December 27. On July 20 of the following year, Neil A. Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, astronauts of the Apollo 11 mission, became the first men to walk on the moon.
1969 – In the fiercest battle in six weeks, U.S. and North Vietnamese forces clash near Loc Ninh, about 80 miles north of Saigon. Elements of the 1st Infantry Division reported killing 72 of 250 North Vietnamese soldiers in a daylong battle. Loc Ninh, a village of fewer than 10,000 people, was located at the northern limit of national Route 13, only a few miles from the Cambodian border. It was the site of several major battles between U.S. and Communist forces. On April 5, 1972, as part of their Easter Offensive, North Vietnamese forces overtook Loc Ninh during their attempt to capture the An Loc provincial capital to the south.
2012 – Retired General Norman Schwarzkopf, Jr., commander of the combined coalition forces during the Gulf War, dies from pneumonia complications at age 78.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
MORTON, CHARLES W.
Rank and organization: Boatswain's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 1836, Ireland. Accredited to: Maryland. G.O. No.: 11, 3 April 1863. Citation: Serving as boatswain's mate on board the U.S.S. Benton during the Yazoo River Expedition, 23 to 27 December 1863. Taking part in the hour_and_a_half engagement with the enemy at Drumgould's Bluff, 27 December, Morton served courageously throughout the battle against the hostile forces, who had the dead range of the vessel and were punishing her with heavy fire, until the Benton was ordered to withdraw.
ROBINSON, CHARLES
Rank and organization: Boatswain's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 1832 Scotland. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 11, 3 April 1863. Citation: Serving on board the U.S.S. Baron de Kalb, Yazoo River Expedition, 23 to 27 December 1862. Proceeding under orders up the Yazoo River, the U.S.S. Baron de Kalb, with the object of capturing or destroying the enemy's transports, came upon the steamers John Walsh, R. J. Locklan, Golden Age, and the Scotland sunk on a bar where they were ordered fired. Continuing up the river, she was fired on by the enemy, but upon returning the fire, caused the rebels to retreat. Returning down the Yazoo, she destroyed and captured large quantities of enemy equipment and several prisoners. Serving bravely throughout this action, Robinson, as boatswain's mate, "d1stinguished himself in the various actions."
WILLIAMS, ROBERT
Rank and organization: Signal Quartermaster, U.S. Navy. Born: 1837, New York, N.Y. Accredited to: New York. G.O. No.: 11, 3 April 1863. Citation: Serving as quartermaster on board the U.S.S. Benton during the Yazoo River Expedition, 23 to 27 December 1862. Taking part in the hour_and_a_half engagement with the enemy at Drumgould's Bluff, 27 December, Williams served courageously throughout that battle against hostile forces in which the enemy had the dead range of the vessel and were punishing her with heavy fire and, for various other action in which he took part during the Yazoo River Expedition.
WHITELEY, ELI
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company L, 15th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division. Place and date: Sigolsheim, France, 27 December 1944. Entered service at: Georgetown, Tex. Birth: Florence, Tex. G.O. No.: 79, 14 September 1945. Citation: While leading his platoon on 27 December 1944, in savage house-to-house fighting through the fortress town of Sigolsheim, France, he attacked a building through a street swept by withering mortar and automatic weapons fire. He was hit and severely wounded in the arm and shoulder; but he charged into the house alone and killed its 2 defenders. Hurling smoke and fragmentation grenades before him, he reached the next house and stormed inside, killing 2 and capturing 11 of the enemy. He continued leading his platoon in the extremely dangerous task of clearing hostile troops from strong points along the street until he reached a building held by fanatical Nazi troops. Although suffering from wounds which had rendered his left arm useless, he advanced on this strongly defended house, and after blasting out a wall with bazooka fire, charged through a hail of bullets. Wedging his submachinegun under his uninjured arm, he rushed into the house through the hole torn by his rockets, killed 5 of the enemy and forced the remaining 12 to surrender. As he emerged to continue his fearless attack, he was again hit and critically wounded. In agony and with 1 eye pierced by a shell fragment, he shouted for his men to follow him to the next house. He was determined to stay in the fighting, and remained at the head of his platoon until forcibly evacuated. By his disregard for personal safety, his aggressiveness while suffering from severe wounds, his determined leadership and superb courage, 1st Lt. Whiteley killed 9 Germans, captured 23 more and spearheaded an attack which cracked the core of enemy resistance in a vital area.
JENNINGS, DELBERT O.
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company C, 1st Battalion (Airborne), 12th Cavalry, 1st Air Cavalry Division. Place and date: Kim Song Valley, Republic of Vietnam, 27 December 1966. Entered service at: San Francisco, Calif. Born: 23 July 1936, Silver City, N. Mex. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. Part of Company C was defending an artillery position when attacked by a North Vietnamese Army regiment supported by mortar, recoilless-rifle, and machine gun fire. At the outset, S/Sgt. Jennings sprang to his bunker, astride the main attack route, and slowed the on-coming enemy wave with highly effective machine gun fire. Despite a tenacious defense in which he killed at least 12 of the enemy, his squad was forced to the rear. After covering the withdrawal of the squad, he rejoined his men, destroyed an enemy demolition crew about to blow up a nearby howitzer, and killed 3 enemy soldiers at his initial bunker position. Ordering his men back into a secondary position, he again covered their withdrawal, killing 1 enemy with the butt of his weapon. Observing that some of the defenders were unaware of an enemy force in their rear, he raced through a fire-swept area to warn the men, turn their fire on the enemy, and lead them into the secondary perimeter. Assisting in the defense of the new position, he aided the air-landing of reinforcements by throwing white phosphorous grenades on the landing zone despite dangerously silhouetting himself with the light. After helping to repulse the final enemy assaults, he led a group of volunteers well beyond friendly lines to an area where 8 seriously wounded men lay. Braving enemy sniper fire and ignoring the presence of booby traps in the area, they recovered the 8 men who would have probably perished without early medical treatment. S/Sgt. Jenning's extraordinary heroism and inspirational leadership saved the lives of many of his comrades and contributed greatly to the defeat of a superior enemy force. His actions stand with the highest traditions of the military profession and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for December 27, 2020 FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
27 December
1925: Daniel Guggenheim set up a $2.5million fund to promote aeronautics and speed the development of American aviation. (8: Dec 90)
1935: The 5th Group (Composite) dropped bombs to redirect the Mauna Loa lava flow away from the waterworks at Hilo, Hawaii. (21) (24)
1942: Flying his P-38 Lightning against the Japanese in the Pacific, 2Lt Richard I. Bong scored his first two aerial victories. He later became the top ace in the war. (21)
1951: KOREAN WAR. Far East Air Forces aircraft flew 900 sorties, the largest number of the month, to damage or destroy locomotives, railcars, buildings, vehicles, and gun positions. (28)
1952: KOREAN WAR. Through 31 December, the 581st Air Resupply and Communications Wing flight of four H-19 helicopters at Seoul flew several experimental agent insertion sorties into enemy territory for covert and clandestine intelligence activities. (28)
1955: Douglas Aircraft Company received a contract for the Thor intermediate-range ballistic missile's airframe. (6)
1970: The 374th Tactical Airlift Wing flew the last C-130A mission in South Vietnam. The mission recovered at Naha AB, Japan on the 28 December. Thereafter, the Military Assistance Command's (Vietnam) airlift structure no longer included C-130As. (17)
1989: Operation JUST CAUSE. The Military Airlift Command began flying humanitarian assistance missions to Panama. (8: Mar 90)
1992: Operation SOUTHERN WATCH. Two F-16 Fighting Falcons from the 363rd Fighter Wing at Shaw AFB, N. C., intercepted two MiG-25s in the "no-fly" zone in Southern Iraq. The 33rd Fighter Squadron Commander, Lt Col Gary North, fired an AIM-120A missile and shot down a MiG-25. The event featured several firsts: the first combat use of the AIM-120A, the first beyond visual range kill, and the first USAF F-16 air-to-air victory. (16) (20)
2003: On 26 December, a 6.7 earthquake hit in Iran's southeastern Kerman Province near the historic city of Bam. From 27 to 29 December, the Air Mobility Command flew several humanitarian airlift missions to help the earthquake victims. A single C-5 flew from Travis AFB, Calif., to Kuwait City International Airport, where passengers and cargo transferred to C-130s for an airlift to Kerman AB, Iran. Nine C-130 missions and two C-17 missions eventually carried 338,000 pounds of cargo to Kerman. On 28 December, a 137th Airlift Wing (Oklahoma Air Guard) C-130H became the first USAF asset to land in Iran in over 20 years. (22)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Unsubscribe: Thelist-leave@skipsthelist.org
No comments:
Post a Comment
Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.