The List: TheList 6120

The List 6120 TGB

Good Monday Morning June 6

Today is the 78th Anniversary of the D-Day landings and there is a lot of history here.

I hope that you all had a great weekend.

The List server and my computer had a bad day Sunday. IF you received a bunch of emails you have my apologies. I had a couple thousand and lost a bunch of email in both my home computer and Iphone that I had saved for future Lists. I have no idea what set this off. I hope that Today's list will go well. Cowboy is looking into it. IF you want to reply to a list please send the request or reply to my personal email sleonard001@san.rr.com.

I may send out another List later as there is so much info to pass on.

By the way I saw the new Top Gun movie yesterday and it was great. The flying scenes are fantastic.

Regards,

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On This Day in Naval and Marine Corps History

June 6

1850

The brig USS Perry, commanded by Lt. Andrew H. Foote, captures American slaver Martha off Ambriz (near the city of Luanda), Angola, Africa.

1918

After Allied troops take Hill 142 at Chateau-Thierry, France, during World War I, 12 enemy soldiers crawl in a position to counter attack with five light machine guns. Realizing his company might withdraw if fired upon, Marine Gunnery Sgt. Maj. Ernest A. Janson, quickly rushes and bayonets two enemy leaders, forcing the rest of the enemy attackers to withdraw. For his "conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity" on this occasion, he is awarded the Medal of Honor by both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army.

1918

During World War I at the Battle of Belleau Wood, Lt. j.g. Weedon E. Osborne is killed in action while attempting to rescue a wounded officer. For his "extraordinary heroism" on this occasion, he was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor.

1942

During the Battle of Midway, planes from the U.S. carriers Enterprise (CV 6) and Hornet (CV 8) pursue the retreating Japanese fleet, sinking the heavy cruiser Mikuma and damaging the destroyer Mogami. The abandoned USS Yorktown (CV 5) is reboarded and salvage attempts begin. However, a successful torpedo attack by the Japanese submarine I-168 sinks the destroyer USS Hammann (DD 412) and forces the salvage party to leave Yorktown.

1944

Allied forces land troops on Normandy beaches for the largest amphibious landing in history, Operation Overlord (D-Day), beginning the march eastward to defeat Germany.

1957

Two F8U Crusaders and 2 A3D Skywarriors fly nonstop from USS Bon Homme Richard (CVA 31) off the coast of California to USS Saratoga (CVA 60) off the east coast of Florida. This is the first carrier-to-carrier transcontinential flight. The F8Us take 3 hours and 28 minutes and the A3Ds completed the crossing in 4 hours and 1 minute.

1987

USS Antietam (CG 54) is commissioned at Baltimore, Md. The Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser is named after the 1862 Battle of Antietam in Baltimore during the Civil War. The cruisers first homeport is Long Beach, Calif.

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Today in History June 6

1523 Gustav Vasa becomes king of Sweden.

1641 Spain loses Portugal.

1674 Sivaji crowns himself King of India.

1813 The United States invasion of Canada is halted at Stony Creek, Ontario.

1862 The city of Memphis surrenders to the Union navy after an intense naval engagement on the Mississippi River.

1865 Confederate raider William Quantrill dies from a wound received while escaping a Union patrol near Taylorsville, Kentucky.

1918 U.S. Marines enter combat at the Battle of Belleau Wood.

1924 The German Reichstag accepts the Dawes Plan, an American plan to help Germany pay off its war debts.

1930 Frozen foods are sold commercially for the first time.

1934 President Franklin Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act, establishing the Securities and Exchange Commission.

1941 The U.S. government authorizes the seizure of foreign ships in U.S. ports.

1944 D-Day: Operation Overlord lands 400,000 Allied American, British, and Canadian troops on the beaches of Normandy in German-occupied France.

1961 Swiss psychiatrist Carl Gustav Jung, one of the founders of modern psychiatry, dies.

1966 African American James Meredith is shot and wounded while on a solo march in Mississippi to promote voter registration among blacks.

1982 Israel invades southern Lebanon.

1985 The body of Nazi war criminal Dr. Josef Mengele is located and exhumed near Sao Paolo, Brazil.

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ROLLING THUNDER REMEMBERED Thanks to the Bear … Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻

OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…

From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post

… For The List for Monday, 6 June 2022… Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻

OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…

From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post for 6 June 1967… Hanging it out for brothers-in-arms in distress… Read "Reader Comment," too…

http://www.rollingthunderremembered.com/rolling-thunder-remembered-6-june-1967-to-the-rescue/

This following work accounts for every fixed wing loss of the Vietnam War and you can use it to read more about the losses in The Bear's Daily account. Even better it allows you to add your updated information to the work to update for history…skip

Vietnam Air Losses

Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.

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Thanks to Dutch

COMMENT & ANALYSIS

The 6th of June, 1944

Free men pay homage once more to the courage of 'the longest day'

Not everyone gets to save the world. Before the colors of the Sixth of June 1944 fade into the mists of time, we remember after the passage of 75 years the uncommon sacrifice of the hundreds of thousands of soldiers of America, of Britain and Canada, a token force of Free Frenchmen and soldiers of several other nations who struggled on the beaches of Normandy to secure the foothold that enabled the liberation of Europe. We pay particular homage to the 9,000 Americans who sleep in the great cemetery above the beaches. They rest in the peace of American soil, sovereignty conveyed by a grateful France.

President Trump and representatives of allied nations will honor them in ceremonies Thursday in Normandy, the occasion recalling Lincoln's words at the cemetery at Gettysburg, when he honored that earlier generation that gave their lives so that men might live free. Lincoln acknowledged that "we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract." But we must try.

Not everyone, apparently, can focus on the occasion to honor sacrifice of life and limb to preserve freedom. The anniversary never fails to cast partisanship aside, bringing tears to the eyes and hearts of the hard and the tough, but The Washington Post churlishly offered a story headlined "How Trump will ruin the 75th anniversary of D-Day." In the event, the anniversary was not ruined, and a diminishing number of D-Day survivors, all in their 90s and some approaching a full century of life, are there as living monuments to a moment in the human story when virtue, at least for the day, was ascendant over vice. This is likely to be the final grand salute to "the greatest generation" that won World War II.

This was a war that wasn't supposed to happen. Given the proximity to World War I, "the war to end all wars" that took the lives of 10 million soldiers and 20 million civilians and ended only two decades earlier, another war on the European continent had seemed unthinkable. But before the Allies ended the quest of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich another 24 million soldiers and seamen and 50 million civilians would go to their

graves on land and at sea.

The 156,000 troops from eight nations who stormed the beaches of Normandy had hoped the cover of darkness and fair weather would work to allied advantage in surprising the 50,000 Germans dug in along the French coastline. But it was not to be. At 5:20 a.m. the commander of a German observation post above the beaches stepped up to the slit in the concrete bunker to have a look. Color drained from his face. "It's the invasion," he said softly to a junior officer. "There must be 10,000 ships out there." The other officer scoffed. "The enemy doesn't have 10,000 ships."

"Come up here and see for yourself the 10,000 ships you say are not there." Gathered before them, stretching to the far horizon, was a spectacle not likely to be seen ever again. It was the greatest invasion force in history, 5,000 allied ships (the exaggeration was understandable), a line of cruisers and destroyers and behind them the great battleships Arkansas, Texas and Nevada, and behind them hundreds of ships with decks covered by 2,727 landing boats made of three quarter inch plywood, the storied Higgins boats, that over the next 24 hours would take 156,000 soldiers to the killing fields.

The landing boats raced to the beaches in tight formation at top speed and under relentless German fire, communicating without radios, cellphones, beepers and the electronic paraphernalia that would one day be ubiquitous, nothing to guide but navigation flags of accompanying control boats barely visible in the smoke of battle. By 10:30 on the night of June 6, immortalized as "the longest day," the five beachheads — Omaha, Utah, Gold, Juno and Sword — were secure, and Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the supreme allied commander, could discard his prepared statement taking personal blame if the day had failed.

The day did not fail, and the Allies, led by the Americans, the British, Canadians and including soldiers of the Netherlands, Australia and New Zealand, sometimes sneered at in certain quarters as "the Anglo-Saxons," would write a legend in blood that would last as long as men and women honor courage and pay homage to the bravery of free men. Seventy-five years on, the legend holds.

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Lest we forget Thanks to Dutch. This is a good overall look at the invasion.

D-Day, Normandy, France June 6, 1944

by Brian Williams and John Barratt

The Atlantic Wall

After the invasion and subsequent fall of France in 1940, the German army controlled the entire coast of Northern France. Following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk, Hitler had hoped that Britain would agree to settle the war. But, because of British determination and Germany's inability to carry out an invasion of England, Germany was forced to maintain a defensive posture along the coast. In 1944, the German war machine was still very powerful despite the many setbacks on the Eastern Front. What it lacked in Luftwaffe and materials, it made up for in highly experienced and trained men. Also, its armor, heavy infantry weapons, and anti-tank capabilities were years ahead of the Americans and British. But, the Allies controlled the air and sea and what they lacked in quality, they hoped to make up for in quantity. The German high command was actually anticipatory about the upcoming Allied invasion. It meant that finally the British and American threat could be "dealt with" once and for all.

The Fight for the Foothold

By nightfall on June 6th 1944-D-Day, Hitler's Atlantic Wall on the coast of Normandy had been breached. The Allies, at a cost of 9,500 casualties compared with 4-10,000 Germans, were ashore in Fortress Europe. But their position remained precarious; the beachheads had less depth than had been hoped for, and British and US forces had not yet linked up. Supplies and reinforcements were not coming ashore as rapidly as had been planned, and the initially slow and piecemeal enemy reaction could not be expected to remain so favorable. The Allies had to link up and expand their currently insecure toeholds into something more substantial as rapidly as possible. For Germany, the result of the first day of fighting had been disappointing, but was not viewed as disastrous. Partly as a result of Hitler's hesitancy, and also as a consequence of virtually complete Allied air supremacy over the approaches to the battle area, 21st and 12th SS Panzer Divisions, forming the immediate mobile reserve, had not intervened effectively on June 6th. Indeed losses from enemy air attack were so substantial that it is unlikely that their earlier release would have made any significant difference.

Rommel, absent in Bavaria during the opening hours of the battle, arrived back at Army Group B Headquarters late in the evening, and began re-organising the currently fragmented command structure.

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Thanks to Carl for this addition to the D-Day history

http://usdefensewatch.com/2017/06/june-6-1944-the-greatest-day-of-the-20th-century-2/

JUNE 5, 2017 BY RAY STARMANN

JUNE 6, 1944: THE GREATEST DAY OF THE 20TH CENTURY

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This Day in U S Military History…….June 6

1918 – The first large-scale battle fought by American soldiers in World War I begins in Belleau Wood, northwest of the Paris-to-Metz road. In late May 1918, the third German offensive of the year penetrated the Western Front to within 45 miles of Paris. U.S. forces under General John J. Pershing helped halt the German advance, and on June 6 Pershing ordered a counteroffensive to drive the Germans out of Belleau Wood. U.S. Marines under General James Harbord led the attack against the four German divisions positioned in the woods and by the end of the first day suffered more than 1,000 casualties. For the next three weeks, the Marines, backed by U.S. Army artillery, launched many attacks into the forested area, but German General Erich Ludendorff was determined to deny the Americans a victory. Ludendorff continually brought up reinforcements from the rear, and the Germans attacked the U.S. forces with machine guns, artillery, and gas. Finally, on June 26, the Americans prevailed but at the cost of nearly 10,000 dead, wounded, or missing in action. This is first battle where the AEF experienced the heavy casualties associated with the Great War. It represents the embodiment of U.S. Marine Corps determination and dedication and served as a signal to both allies and adversaries that America was on the Western Front to fight.

1942 – Japanese troops landed on Kiska, Aleutians.

1942 – The Battle of Midway. Admiral Yamamoto considers engaging in a surface battle against the US carrier fleet, but decides to retreat instead. The loss of the main portion of the Japanese carrier fleet and their aircraft pilots in the battle on June 4th has robbed the Japanese of the initiative in the naval battle in the Pacific. Also of importance is the use of code-breaking by the Americans to intercept Japanese planning. Prior knowledge of Japanese intentions at Midway allowed the Americans to prepare a trap.

1944 – Operation Overlord begins. In Normandy, France, during the predawn hours, the US 101st and 82nd Airborne Divisions are dropped inland from the right flank beach. The British 6th Airborne Division is landed inland from the left flank beach. These forces achieve their objectives and create confusion among the German defenders. The Allied Expeditionary Force lands in Normandy at dawn. Forces of the 21st Army Group (Field Marshal Montgomery) commands the US 1st Army (General Bradley) on the right and the British 2nd Army (General Dempsey) on the left. There are five invasion beaches: Utah on the right flank, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword, on the left flank. At Utah, the US 7th Corps (General Collins) lands with US 4th Division spearheading the assault. The troops advance inland against light resistance. Admiral Moon provides naval support. At Omaha, the US 5th Corps (General Gerow) lands. There is heavy resistance and by the end of the day the American forces have advance less than one mile inland. Admiral Hall provides naval support. At Gold, the British 30th Corps (General Bucknall) lands with 50th Infantry Division and 8th Armored Brigade leading the assault. There is reasonable advance inland although the assigned objectives are not met. At Juno beach, the British 1st Corps (General Crocker) lands with the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division and the Canadian 2nd Armored Brigade leading the assault. The tanks and infantry quickly push inland. Naval support is under the command of Commodore Oliver. At Sword beach, other elements of the British 1st Corps land. The British 3rd Infantry Division, 27th Armored Brigade and several Marine and Commando units lead the assault. The beach is quickly secured and bridges over the Orne River are captured but the first day objectives are not reached. The German 21st Panzer Division counterattacks in the late afternoon but does not dislodge the British defenders. Overall, the Allies land almost 150,000 men. Naval support and massive aerial interdiction prevents the German defenders from concentrating forces for a decisive counterattack. Despite the German resistance, Allied casualties overall were relatively light. The United States and Britain each lost about 1,000 men, and Canada 355. Before the day was over, 155,000 Allied troops would be in Normandy. However, the United States managed to get only half of the 14,000 vehicles and a quarter of the 14,500 tons of supplies they intended on shore. Three factors were decisive in the success of the Allied invasion. First, German counterattacks were firm but sparse, enabling the Allies to create a broad bridgehead, or advanced position, from which they were able to build up enormous troop strength. Second, Allied air cover, which destroyed bridges over the Seine, forced the Germans to suffer long detours, and naval gunfire proved decisive in protecting the invasion troops. And third, division and confusion within the German ranks as to where the invasion would start and how best to defend their position helped the Allies. (Hitler, convinced another invasion was coming the next day east of the Seine River, refused to allow reserves to be pulled from that area.) Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, commander of Britain's Twenty-first Army Group (but under the overall command of General Eisenhower, for whom Montgomery, and his ego, proved a perennial thorn in the side), often claimed later that the invasion had come off exactly as planned. That was a boast, as evidenced by the failure to take Caen on the first day, as scheduled. While the operation was a decided success, considering the number of troops put ashore and light casualties, improvisation by courageous and quick-witted commanders also played an enormous role.

1944 – Brig. General Norman "Dutch" Cota was the first American General to step foot on Omaha Beach. Cota, assistant commander of the 29th Infantry Division, heroically spurred his men to cross the beach under withering German fire. He went on to lead his infantrymen across France to the Siegfried Line and in the battle of Hurtgen Forest and the Battle of the Bulge.

1944 – The Allied invasion of France, commonly known as "D-Day" begins as Guardsmen from the 29th Infantry Division (DC, MD, VA) storm onto what will forever after be known as "bloody Omaha" Beach. The lead element, Virginia's 116th Infantry, suffers nearly 80% casualties but gains the foothold needed for the invasion to succeed. The 116's artillery support, the 111th Field Artillery Battalion, also from Virginia, loses all 12 of its guns in high surf trying to get on the beach. Its men take up arms from the dead and fight as infantrymen. Engineer support came from the District of Columbia's 121st Engineer Battalion. Despite high loses too, its men succeed in blowing holes in several obstacles clearing paths for the men to get inland off the beach. In the early afternoon, Maryland's 115th Infantry lands behind the 116th and moves through its shattered remnants to start the movement in off the beach. Supporting the invasion was the largest air fleet known to history. Among the units flying missions were the Guards' 107th (MI) and 109th (MN) Tactical Reconnaissance Squadrons The Normandy campaign lasted until the end of July with four Guard infantry divisions; the 28th (PA), 29th, 30th (NC, SC, TN) and the 35th (KS, MO, NE) taking part along with dozens of non-divisional units all earning the "Normandy" streamer.

1944 – Cherokee tribal members communicated via radios in their native language on the Normandy beaches. Some 6,603 Americans were killed along the coast of France during the D-day invasion. A total of 9,758 Allied soldiers died during the invasion. "D-Day" by Stephen Ambrose was published in 1994.

1945 – On Okinawa, elements of the US 6th Marine Division advance in the Oruka Peninsula following their landing. Naha airfield is secured. Elements of the US 96th Division (US 24th Corps) reach the lower slopes of Mount Yaeju and are halted by intensive Japanese fire.(still going on since 1 April)

1945 – American forces advance without meeting significant resistance in the Cayagan valley, on Luzon, as well as on Minadanao.

1952 – F-86 Sabres scored one of the greatest single victories of the war, destroying eight MiGs and damaging two others.

1964 – Two U.S. Navy jets flying low-altitude target reconnaissance missions over Laos are shot down by communist Pathet Lao ground fire. Washington immediately ordered armed jets to escort the reconnaissance flights, and by June 9, escort jets were attacking Pathet Lao headquarters. The downing of the two reconnaissance aircraft and the retaliatory strikes were made public, but the full extent of the U.S. involvement in Laos was not. In fact, the U.S. fighter-bombers were flying combat missions in support of Royal Lao forces in their war against the communist Pathet Lao and would continue to do so until 1973.

1972 – South Vietnamese forces drive out all but a few of the communist troops remaining in Kontum. Over 200 North Vietnamese had been killed in six battles in and around the city. The city had come under attack in April when the North Vietnamese had launched their Nguyen Hue Offensive (later called the Easter Offensive), a massive invasion by North Vietnamese forces designed to strike the blow that would win them the war. The attacking force included 14 infantry divisions and 26 separate regiments, with more than 120,000 troops and approximately 1,200 tanks and other armored vehicles. In addition to Kontum, the other main North Vietnamese objectives were Quang Tri in the north and An Loc farther to the south. Initially, the South Vietnamese defenders were almost overwhelmed, particularly in the northernmost provinces, where they abandoned their positions in Quang Tri and fled south in the face of the enemy onslaught. At Kontum and An Loc, the South Vietnamese were more successful in defending against the attacks, but only after weeks of bitter fighting. Although the defenders suffered heavy casualties, they managed to hold their own with the aid of U.S. advisors and American airpower. Fighting continued all over South Vietnam into the summer months, but eventually the South Vietnamese forces prevailed against the invaders and retook Quang Tri in September. With the communist invasion blunted, President Nixon declared that the South Vietnamese victory proved the viability of his Vietnamization program, which he had instituted in 1969 to increase the combat capability of the South Vietnamese armed forces so that U.S. troops could be withdrawn.

Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day

JANSON, ERNEST AUGUST (Navy Medal)

Rank and organization: Gunnery Sergeant, U.S. Marine Corps, 49th Company. (Served under name of Charles F. Hoffman) Born: 17 August 1878, New York, N.Y. Accredited to: New York. (Also received Army Medal of Honor.) Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy near Chateau-Thierry, France, 6 June 1918. Immediately after the company to which G/Sgt. Janson belonged, had reached its objective on Hill 142, several hostile counterattacks were launched against the line before the new position had been consolidated. G/Sgt. Janson was attempting to organize a position on the north slope of the hill when he saw 12 of the enemy, armed with 5 light machineguns, crawling toward his group. Giving the alarm, he rushed the hostile detachment, bayoneted the 2 leaders, and forced the others to flee, abandoning their guns. His quick action, initiative and courage drove the enemy from a position from which they could have swept the hill with machinegun fire and forced the withdrawal of our troops.

*OSBORNE, WEEDON E.

Rank and organization: Lieutenant, Junior Grade, (Dental Corps), U.S. Navy. Born: 13 November 1892, Chicago, Ill. Appointed from: Illinois. Citation: For extraordinary heroism while attached to the 6th Regiment, U.S. Marines, in actual conflict with the enemy and under fire during the advance on Bouresche, France, on 6 June 1918. In the hottest of the fighting when the marines made their famous advance on Bouresche at the southern edge of Belleau Wood, Lt (j.g.). Osborne threw himself zealously into the work of rescuing the wounded. Extremely courageous in the performance of this perilous task, he was killed while carrying a wounded officer to a place of safety.

BARRETT, CARLTON W.

Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, 18th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division. Place and date: Near St. Laurent-sur-Mer, France, 6 June 1944. Entered service at: Albany, N.Y. Birth: Fulton, N.Y. G.O. No.: 78, 2 October 1944. Citation: For gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, in the vicinity of St. Laurent-sur-Mer, France. On the morning of D-day Pvt. Barrett, landing in the face of extremely heavy enemy fire, was forced to wade ashore through neck-deep water. Disregarding the personal danger, he returned to the surf again and again to assist his floundering comrades and save them from drowning. Refusing to remain pinned down by the intense barrage of small-arms and mortar fire poured at the landing points, Pvt. Barrett, working with fierce determination, saved many lives by carrying casualties to an evacuation boat Iying offshore. In addition to his assigned mission as guide, he carried dispatches the length of the fire-swept beach; he assisted the wounded; he calmed the shocked; he arose as a leader in the stress of the occasion. His coolness and his dauntless daring courage while constantly risking his life during a period of many hours had an inestimable effect on his comrades and is in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Army.

*MONTEITH, JIMMIE W., JR.

Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Colleville-sur-Mer, France, 6 June 1944. Entered service at: Richmond, Va. Born: 1 July 1917, Low Moor, Va. G.O. No.: 20, 29 March 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, near Colleville-sur-Mer, France. 1st Lt. Monteith landed with the initial assault waves on the coast of France under heavy enemy fire. Without regard to his own personal safety he continually moved up and down the beach reorganizing men for further assault. He then led the assault over a narrow protective ledge and across the flat, exposed terrain to the comparative safety of a cliff. Retracing his steps across the field to the beach, he moved over to where 2 tanks were buttoned up and blind under violent enemy artillery and machinegun fire. Completely exposed to the intense fire, 1st Lt. Monteith led the tanks on foot through a minefield and into firing positions. Under his direction several enemy positions were destroyed. He then rejoined his company and under his leadership his men captured an advantageous position on the hill. Supervising the defense of his newly won position against repeated vicious counterattacks, he continued to ignore his own personal safety, repeatedly crossing the 200 or 300 yards of open terrain under heavy fire to strengthen links in his defensive chain. When the enemy succeeded in completely surrounding 1st Lt. Monteith and his unit and while leading the fight out of the situation, 1st Lt. Monteith was killed by enemy fire. The courage, gallantry, and intrepid leadership displayed by 1st Lt. Monteith is worthy of emulation.

*PINDER, JOHN J., JR.

Rank and organization: Technician Fifth Grade, U.S. Army, 16th Infantry, 1st Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Colleville-sur-Mer, France, 6 June 1944. Entered .service at: Burgettstown, Pa. Birth: McKees Rocks, Pa. G.O. No.: 1, 4 January 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, near Colleville-sur-Mer, France. On D-day, Technician 5th Grade Pinder landed on the coast 100 yards off shore under devastating enemy machinegun and artillery fire which caused severe casualties among the boatload. Carrying a vitally important radio, he struggled towards shore in waist-deep water. Only a few yards from his craft he was hit by enemy fire and was gravely wounded. Technician 5th Grade Pinder never stopped. He made shore and delivered the radio. Refusing to take cover afforded, or to accept medical attention for his wounds, Technician 5th Grade Pinder, though terribly weakened by loss of blood and in fierce pain, on 3 occasions went into the fire-swept surf to salvage communication equipment. He recovered many vital parts and equipment, including another workable radio. On the 3rd trip he was again hit, suffering machinegun bullet wounds in the legs. Still this valiant soldier would not stop for rest or medical attention. Remaining exposed to heavy enemy fire, growing steadily weaker, he aided in establishing the vital radio communication on the beach. While so engaged this dauntless soldier was hit for the third time and killed. The indomitable courage and personal bravery of Technician 5th Grade Pinder was a magnificent inspiration to the men with whom he served.

*ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, JR.

Rank and organization: brigadier general, U.S. Army. Place and date: Normandy invasion, 6 June 1944. Entered service at: Oyster Bay, N.Y. Birth: Oyster Bay, N.Y. G.O. No.: 77, 28 September 1944. Citation: for gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 6 June 1944, in France. After 2 verbal requests to accompany the leading assault elements in the Normandy invasion had been denied, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt's written request for this mission was approved and he landed with the first wave of the forces assaulting the enemy-held beaches. He repeatedly led groups from the beach, over the seawall and established them inland. His valor, courage, and presence in the very front of the attack and his complete unconcern at being under heavy fire inspired the troops to heights of enthusiasm and self-sacrifice. Although the enemy had the beach under constant direct fire, Brig. Gen. Roosevelt moved from one locality to another, rallying men around him, directed and personally led them against the enemy. Under his seasoned, precise, calm, and unfaltering leadership, assault troops reduced beach strong points and rapidly moved inland with minimum casualties. He thus contributed substantially to the successful establishment of the beachhead in France .

*WOODFORD, HOWARD E.

Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Army, Company I, 130th Infantry, 33d Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Tabio, Luzon, Philippine Islands, 6 June 1945. Entered service at: Barberton, Ohio. Birth: Barberton, Ohio. G.O. No.: 14, 4 February 1946. Citation: He volunteered to investigate the delay in a scheduled attack by an attached guerrilla battalion. Reaching the line of departure, he found that the lead company, in combat for the first time, was immobilized by intense enemy mortar, machinegun, and rifle fire which had caused casualties to key personnel. Knowing that further failure to advance would endanger the flanks of adjacent units, as well as delay capture of the objective, he immediately took command of the company, evacuated the wounded, reorganized the unit under fire, and prepared to attack. He repeatedly exposed himself to draw revealing fire from the Japanese strongpoints, and then moved forward with a 5-man covering force to determine exact enemy positions. Although intense enemy machinegun fire killed 2 and wounded his other 3 men, S/Sgt. Woodford resolutely continued his patrol before returning to the company. Then, against bitter resistance, he guided the guerrillas up a barren hill and captured the objective, personally accounting for 2 hostile machinegunners and courageously reconnoitering strong defensive positions before directing neutralizing fire. After organizing a perimeter defense for the night, he was given permission by radio to return to his battalion, but, feeling that he was needed to maintain proper control, he chose to remain with the guerrillas. Before dawn the next morning the enemy launched a fierce suicide attack with mortars, grenades, and small-arms fire, and infiltrated through the perimeter. Though wounded by a grenade, S/Sgt. Woodford remained at his post calling for mortar support until bullets knocked out his radio. Then, seizing a rifle he began working his way around the perimeter, encouraging the men until he reached a weak spot where 2 guerrillas had been killed. Filling this gap himself, he fought off the enemy. At daybreak he was found dead in his foxhole, but 37 enemy dead were lying in and around his position. By his daring, skillful, and inspiring leadership, as well as by his gallant determination to search out and kill the enemy, S/Sgt. Woodford led an inexperienced unit in capturing and securing a vital objective, and was responsible for the successful continuance of a vitally important general advance.

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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for June 6, 2021 FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY

6 June

1923: Through 13 June, US Navy pilots of Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet, set 20 new world records for Class C seaplanes at San Diego. The 6 June records included: Lt (JG) Mainrad A. Schur with a 72 MPH speed record for 500 kilometers in a DT-2 torpedo plane; Lt Henry T. Stanley with distance and duration records, with a 250 kilogram payload, of 574.75 miles in 10 hours 23 minutes 58 seconds in an F-5L patrol plane; Lt Herman E. Halland with a distance and duration records, with a 500 kilogram payload, of 466 miles in 7 hours 35 minutes 54 seconds; and Lt Robert L. Fuller with distance and duration records, with a 1,000 kilogram payload, of 205.2 miles in 2 hours 45 minutes 9 seconds. (See 7 June) (24) (25)

1936: The Socony-Vacuum Oil Company, Inc., at Paulsboro, N.J., began producing 100-octane aviation gasoline, using the catalytic cracking method. (21)

1944: Operation OVERLORD. American and Allied aircraft flew approximately 15,000 interdiction, close air support, and airlift sorties in support of the D-Day invasion. (4) (21)

1952: KOREAN WAR. Fifth Air Force F-86 Sabres destroyed eight MiG-15s in aerial combat, the highest daily tally for the month. (28)

1957: Navy F-8 Crusader fighters flew nonstop from the USS Bon Homme Richard near California to the Saratoga off eastern Florida in the first carrier-to-carrier transcontinental flight. (24) (This was Curt Dose's father Bob flying The F8 Crusader)

1960: SECDEF Thomas S. Gates, Jr., announced an agreement to give Skybolt missiles to the British. (6) ELECTRONIC FLIGHT PLANNING. Two F-100s took off from Itazuke AB on PACAF's first computer-planned mission, a 2-hour 30-minute training flight. The 8 TFW developed the system to electronically compute flight plans. The computer-produced frag orders were more detailed and accurate and could be produced in a few seconds with the touch of some buttons. The new system permitted a quick reaction to changes in combat profiles, a factor that would later prove a vital ingredient in combat missions to come. (17)

1962: Capt William Stevenson flew a 19 BMW B-52H from Homestead AFB, 11,336.92 miles over a closed course (from and back to Seymour-Johnson AFB). He averaged 510 MPH in the 22- hour, 38-minute, 42-second nonstop, nonrefueled flight. (1) (9)

1964: A team of nine USMC parachutists claimed world records for 7-man, 8-man, and 9-man team jumps at night after freefalling from 44,100 to 1,300 before opening their parachutes. They jumped from a USMC KC-130F at Ft. Bragg, NC. (16)

1967: Operation CREEK HAVEN. Through 11 June, during the 7-Day War between Israel and neighboring Arab states, MAC, TAC, and USAFE aircraft and aircrews evacuated nearly 7,000 people from Libya to Europe, with 2,556 then airlifted to the US. (18)

1970: Lockheed delivered the first C-5 Galaxy to an operational wing. General Jack J. Catton, the MAC Commander, flew the aircraft from Marietta to Charleston AFB, where Brig Gen Clare T. Ireland, the 437 MAW Commander, accepted it. (2)

1975: The last 16 B-52s at U-Tapao AB, Thailand, began their redeployment to the US. (16) (26)

1979: First F-16 from the Dutch production line delivered in a ceremony at Fokker-VFW Schiphol Plant at Schipol Airport in the Netherlands. (12)

1991: The Air Force unveiled the Northrop AGM-137A Tri-service Standoff Attack Missile (TSSAM). It was a stealthy ground-attack weapon with a less than 600 kilometers range. (20)

1996: At NAS Whidbey Island, Washington, the first Air Force aircrew graduated from the Navy's EA-6B Fleet Replacement Squadron to join one of five new combined Navy/Air Force EA-6B "Prowler" squadrons. The joint venture between the Air Force and Navy consolidated the airborne threat radar jamming mission and led to the retirement of the EF-111 Raven. (AFNEWS Article 960505) The first woman commander of a group that maintains USAF missiles, Lt Col Kai Lee Norwood, assumed command of the 91st Logistics Group. (26)

2000: An AFFTC B-1B from Edwards AFB dropped three different Wind Corrected Munitions Dispensers (WCMD) on a single bombing pass. The WCMD was a 1,000-pound inertially guided cluster munition. (3)

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World News for 6 June thanks to Military Periscope

USA—Air Force Plans Further C-17 Upgrades GovCon Wire | 06/06/2022 The U.S. Air Force has launched the second phase of its C-17 Globemaster Operational Enhancements (GLOBES) program, reports GovCon Wire. The service has released a sources sought notice for contractors capable of meeting the requirements of the GLOBES 2.0 program, the news service said on Monday. The proposed contract would cover research and development, studies and trial kit installations to address obsolescence issues associated with line-replaceable units on the flight deck. The baseline work would include new core integrated processers with increased processing power and a modular open systems architecture that would support the easy integration of future capabilities. Other potential upgrades include GPS M-Code modernization; beyond-line-of-sight; continuous concurrency model; Software Build Package 5 (SWPB 5); and large aircraft infrared countermeasures (LAIRCM), the notice said. Responses to the sources sought notice are due by June 30.

USA—Hackers Conduct Offensive Ops In Support Of Ukraine, General Says Sky News | 06/06/2022 The head of U.S. Cyber Command says that U.S. military hackers have performed offensive operations in support of Ukraine, reports Sky News (U.K.). Following Russia's unprovoked invasion of Ukraine, the U.S. military began offensive cyber operations for the first time in support of Kyiv, Gen. Paul Nakasone, who also leads the National Security Agency, told Sky News in an interview. "We've conducted a series of operations across the full spectrum; offensive, defensive, [and] information operations," the general said. Nakasone declined to provide details, saying only that they were lawful and conducted under civilian oversight. The U.S. has also launched "hunt forward" operations, in which cyber personnel seek out foreign hacker and identify their tools before they can be used against the U.S. or its allies. He also praised Ukrainian resilience in the face of destructive and disruptive Russian cyberattacks.

USA—Microsoft Disrupts Iranian Hacking Group Risky Business | 06/06/2022 Microsoft's Digital Crimes Unit (DCU) says that it has disrupted infrastructure used by a hacking group in Iran in attacks around the world, reports the Risky Business information security podcast. On Friday, the DCU said it had obtained a U.S. court order seizing 41 domains used by the Bohrium cyber-espionage group based in Iran. The hackers used fake social media profiles to lure targets to the sites in an effort to collect personal information for use in subsequent email attacks that attempted to deploy malware. Bohrium targeted Microsoft customers in India, the Middle East and U.S. in sectors such as tech, transportation, government and education, said the DCU. Microsoft has used the U.S. court system to seize domains and server infrastructure from more than two dozen cybercrime and espionage groups.

USA—Raytheon Unveils New Medium-Range Air Defense Radar Raytheon | 06/06/2022 Raytheon has just revealed the newest member of its GhostEye family of radars. The GhostEye MR has been designed for integration with the NASAMS air defense system developed by Norwegian firm Kongsberg, the company said in a release last week. The new radar expands the range and altitude that the NASAMS can defend, significantly increasing the system's effectiveness, company officials said. The GhostEye MR employs active electronically scanned array (AESA) and military gallium nitride (GaN) technology for improved performance. It also leverages technology from the U.S. Army's Lower Tier Air and Missile Defense Sensor (LTAMDS). With the GhostEye MR, the NASAMS can employ the AIM-120 AMRAAM-ER missile to its full engagement envelope, according to Raytheon. The radar has an open architecture to support the easy integration of new technologies and upgrades. The GhostEye MR is currently undergoing open-air testing and multimission demonstrations, said the company.

Russia—Pacific Fleet Kicks Off Large-Scale Drill Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty | 06/06/2022 The Russian Pacific Fleet is in the midst of a weeklong exercise involving dozens of ships and aircraft, reports Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. The exercise, which began on June 3 and runs to June 10, involves anti-submarine warfare, air defense and surface warfare training, according to the Russian Ministry of Defense. More than 40 warships and 20 aircraft are slated to take part.

Russia—U.N. Talks Continue Over Blockade Of Ukrainian Ports Politico | 06/06/2022 The U.N. has been trying to reach a deal with Russia that would allow Ukraine to export grain from its ports, reports Politico. U.N. officials met with Russian officials in Moscow late last week to discuss lifting the blockade. The Biden administration has expressed skepticism that Russia is negotiating in good faith, noting President Vladimir Putin's comments that Moscow would only ease the blockade if the West lifts its economic sanctions. There is 20 million metric tons of grain in silos awaiting export. The longer the Russian blockade continues, the more likely it will cause long-term damage to global economies and strained food systems, while increasing already high food prices. Separately, Turkey anticipates progress on its plan to enable Ukraine to export its grain, reported Reuters. Ankara says it prepared to play a role in reopening shipping routes from Odesa and other Ukrainian ports, serving in an observer role. This could include Turkish naval escorts for vessels leaving Ukraine and passing through the Bosphorus Straits. Turkish Foreign Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu is scheduled to discuss the plan with his Russian counterpart, Sergei Lavrov, on Wednesday.

Afghanistan—Taliban Faces Threats From Al-Qaida, ISIS, Says U.N. Report Deutsche Welle | 06/06/2022 A new U.N. report says that the Taliban regime in Afghanistan continues to face threats from militant groups and an insurgency in the northern Panjshir region, reports Deutsche Welle. The Al-Qaida and the Islamic State terrorist groups pose a threat, but neither is expected to be able conduct international attacks "before 2023 at the earliest" regardless of their intent or if the Taliban seeks to restrain them, says the report published last week. The Taliban has been trying to consolidate its hold over Afghanistan since seizing power from the Western-backed government in Kabul in August 2021. The National Resistance Front and recently established Afghan Freedom Front insurgent groups have also begun to step up operations, staging attacks in several provinces. Taliban forces would likely struggle to counter several simultaneous insurgences, says the report.

Australia—Chinese Jets Harass Surveillance Aircraft Over S. China Sea. Newsweek | 06/06/2022 The Australian Dept. of Defense says one of its surveillance aircraft was recently intercepted in a dangerous manner by a Chinese fighter jet over the South China Sea, reports Newsweek. During the May 26 incident, a Chinese J-16 fighter "cut across the nose" of the Australian P-8 maritime patrol aircraft "at a very close distance" and released chaff, some which was ingested into the engine of the P-8, according to Defense Minister Richard Marles. Australia has formally expressed concern about the incident to Beijing, said Prime Minister Anthony Albanese. The report comes after Canada last week complained that Chinese aircraft were flying dangerously near its CP-140 Aurora patrol aircraft involved in a U.N. mission enforcing sanctions on North Korea, reported Agence France-Presse.

France—Suffren Attack Sub Enters Service Naval News | 06/06/2022 The French navy has just commissioned the lead boat in a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarines, reports Naval News. The Suffren entered service during a ceremony on June 3 in Brest, according to Defense Minister Sebastien Lecornu. The sub is in active service and ready to conduct operational missions, he said. She is the first sub in a new class of six attack boats that will enhance the French navy's undersea warfare capabilities, analysts said.

Iran—IRGC Kills Quds Force Officer Suspected Of Espionage Iran International | 06/06/2022 A Quds Force colonel died under suspicious circumstances in Karaj, outside the Iranian capital, Tehran, reports the U.K.-based Iran International, citing unnamed sources in Iran. Col. Ali Esmailzadeh, assigned to Quds Force Unit 840, died after falling from the roof of his home, the sources said. He was reportedly close to Col. Hassan Sayyad-Khodaei, the acting commander of Unit 840, who was shot and killed by gunmen in Tehran on May 22. The Quds Force is the external action arm of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). Sayyad-Khodaei was reportedly involved in planning terror operations outside of Iran. The sources said IRGC intelligence became suspicious of Esmailzadeh after the Sayyad-Khodaei's death and decided to eliminate him. The IRGC reportedly told Esmailzadeh's family that he had died by suicide after experiencing psychological problems after separating from his wife.

Kazakhstan—Voters Approve Major Constitutional Reforms In Referendum Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs | 06/06/2022 Voters in Kazakhstan have voted in favor of significant reforms to the constitution, reports the Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs. About 68 percent of eligible voters participated in the referendum on Sunday, with 77 percent voting in favor of amendments to about one-third of the constitutional articles. Around 19 percent opposed the reforms, with 4 percent of votes declared ineligible. The reforms will support a major overhaul of the government, shifting from a "super-presidential" system to a presidential republic with an influential parliament and an accountable government, the ministry said. The powers of the president will be reduced; Parliament and local legislatures will be strengthened; and the Constitutional Court will be re-established, enhancing the mechanisms for protecting human rights. The changes will also eliminate the privileged status of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who had held the position of "leader of the nation" after stepping down, reported Agence France-Presse. Another amendment will prohibit relatives of the president from holding government positions. The referendum was driven by President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in response to unrest earlier this year.

Lebanon—U.S. Mediation Sought On Border Dispute With Israel Reuters | 06/06/2022 Senior Lebanese officials have agreed to seek U.S. assistance in mediating a border dispute with Israel, reports Reuters. Acting Prime Minister Najib Mikati and President Michael Aoun agreed to invite U.S. envoy Amos Hochstein to Beirut for talks on the demarcation of its southern maritime border with Israel, the prime minister's office said on Monday. The move comes after a natural gas storage and production ship operated by London-based firm Energean arrived in the disputed area. Israel says the field is within its exclusive economic zone and not in disputed waters. Aoun said that any activities in the disputed area were "a provocation and an aggressive action." Israeli maps show the Energean ship south of Lebanese claims, reported Haaretz (Israel).

Nigeria—Dozens Of Casualties In Owo Terror Attack Premium Times | 06/06/2022 Dozens of people have been killed and injured in a terrorist attack on a Catholic church in southwestern Nigeria, reports the Premium Times (Abuja). On Sunday morning, gunmen attacked the St. Francis Catholic Church in Owo in Ondo state during a service. Medical officials said 23 people had been confirmed killed in the attack. Local officials said 70 to 100 people were killed and injured in the assault. One of the survivors said that the attackers were herdsmen, who fired guns and threw explosives into the church.

South Korea—Ballistic Missiles Launched After N. Korean Test Yonhap | 06/06/2022 South Korea and the U.S. test-fired several ballistic missiles in response to North Korean missile tests over the weekend, reports Yonhap news agency (Seoul). On Sunday, Pyongyang launched eight short-range ballistic missiles into the Sea of Japan from four different locations. It is believed to have involved several different missiles, including the KN-23 based on the Russian Iskander. South Korea and the U.S. jointly fired Army Tactical Missile Systems (ATACMS) into the Sea of Japan on Monday from the northeastern Gangwon province in response. The North Korean missile tests followed a joint exercise between South Korea and the U.S. last week, which was the first in four years to involve an American aircraft carrier. The drills focused on air defense, anti-ship, anti-submarine and maritime interdiction operations, according to the South Korean Joint Chiefs of Staff, as cited by Reuters. Taking part were the U.S. aircraft carrier Ronald Reagan, guided-missile cruiser Antietam, destroyer Benfold and oiler Big Horn. The South Korean contingent included the amphibious assault ship Marado and guided-missile destroyers Sejong Daewang and Moonmu Daewang.

South Korea—Defense Industry Cooperation Discussed With Philippines Yonhap | 06/06/2022 The defense ministers of the Philippines and South Korea have been discussing arms industry cooperation, reports the Yonhap news agency (Seoul). On June 3, South Korean Defense Minister Lee Jong Sup hosted his Philippine counterpart, Delfin Lorenzana, for talks in Seoul. South Korea is seeking to expand its presence in the Philippine defense market, analysts said. In December, Korea Shipbuilding & Offshore Engineering won a US$470 million contract to build a pair of frigates for the Philippine navy. Lorenzana said that Manila hoped to expand defense industry cooperation with Seoul. The sides also pledged to strengthen maritime security cooperation.

Sweden—Coastal Defense Systems Pledged To Ukraine The War Zone | 06/06/2022 The Swedish Defense Ministry says it will send anti-ship missiles as part of its third aid package for Ukraine, reports the War Zone website. The US$102 million package announced last week includes RBS-17 anti-ship missiles, a marinized variant of the AGM-114 Hellfire; 5,000 anti-tank systems, reportedly AT4 light weapons; and AG90 rifles and ammunition. Another US$10.6 million is earmarked for civilian projects through the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. The RBS-17 can be launched from a shoreline firing post or integrated with naval vessels. The missile is laser-guided with a maximum range of about 5 miles (8 km). It can also be used against land targets. Stockholm said Kyiv had specifically requested the system in response to an increasing Russian presence in coastal regions of southeastern Ukraine.

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