To All,
Good Saturday morning September 30, 2023
I hope you all have a wonderful weekend.
Regards
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Today in Naval and Marine Corps History
September 30
1800 French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and American envoys sign the Treaty of Mortefontaine that releases the United States from its Revolutionary War alliance with France and ends the Quasi-War.
1918 During World War I, German submarine U-152 sinks USS Ticonderoga. Seriously wounded early in the battle, commanding officer Lt. Cmdr. James J. Madison remains on the bridge controlling the ships fight until she is abandoned. The lost included 112 Sailors and 101 Soldiers and was the greatest combat loss of life on any US Navy ship during World War I. For his "exceptionally heroic service" during this action, Lt. Cmdr. Madison is awarded the Medal of Honor.
1943 USS Bowfin (SS 287) delivers supplies and evacuates people from Siquijor Island, Philippines and sinks Japanese cargo ship, Mitake Maru. Also on this date, USS Harder (SS 257) sinks Japanese auxiliary submarine chaser No.3 Shosei Maru, while USS Pogy (SS 266) sinks Japanese army transport, Maebashi Maru, 300 miles east of Palau.
1944 USS Nautilus (SS 168) lands 95 tons of supplies, 70 drums of gasoline, and four drums of oil at designated spot on Panay, Philippine Islands and embarks 47 evacuees (seven servicemen, 10 women, five civilian males, and 25 children).
1944 USS Fessenden (DE 142) depth charges and sinks German submarine, (U 1062), south of the Cape Verde Islands.
1954 The world's first nuclear-powered submarine, USS Nautilus (SSN 571), is commissioned at Groton, Conn. On Aug. 3, 1958, she is the first U.S. vessel to transit across the geographic North Pole. Nautilus now serves as the historic ship at the Submarine Force Museum at Groton.
1981 USS La Jolla (SSN 701) is commissioned at Naval Submarine Base New London, Groton, Conn., before transferring to its new homeport of Naval Submarine Base Point Loma in San Diego, Calif. The Los Angeles-class attack submarine is ideally suited for covert surveillance, intelligence gathering and Special Forces missions.
1995 USS Carter Hall (LSD 50) is commissioned at Julia Street Wharf in New Orleans, La. The Whidbey Island-class dock landing ship is the second U.S. Navy ship to be named for the historical estate in Clarke County, Va., built by Nathaniel Burwell to honor his grandfather, Robert King Carter, a wealthy plantation owner and acting governor of Virginia in 1726-27.
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Today in World History September 30
1399 Richard II is deposed.
1568 Eric XIV, king of Sweden, is deposed after showing signs of madness.
1630 John Billington, one of the original pilgrims who sailed to the New World on the Mayflower, becomes the first man executed in the English colonies. He is hanged for having shot another man during a quarrel
1703 The French, at Hochstadt in the War of the Spanish Succession, suffer only 1,000 casualties to the 11,000 of their opponents, the Austrians of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
1791 Mozart's opera The Magic Flute is performed for the first time in Vienna
1846 The first anesthetized tooth extraction is performed by Dr. William Morton in Charleston, Massachusetts.
1864 Confederate troops fail to retake Fort Harrison from the Union forces during the siege of Petersburg.
1911 Italy declares war on Turkey over control of Tripoli.
1918 Bulgaria pulls out of World War I.
1927 Babe Ruth hits his 60th home run of the season off Tom Zachary in Yankee Stadium, New York City.
1935 George Gershwin's opera Porgy and Bess opens at the Colonial Theatre in Boston.
1938 Under German threats of war, Britain, France, Germany and Italy sign an accord permitting Germany to take control of Sudetenland--a region of Czechoslovakia inhabited by a German-speaking minority.
1939 The French Army is called back into France from its invasion of Germany. The attack, code named Operation Saar, only penetrated five miles.
1943 The Women's Army Auxiliary Corps becomes the Women's Army Corps, a regular contingent of the U.S. Army with the same status as other army service corps.
1949 The Berlin Airlift is officially halted after 277,264 flights.
1950 U.N. forces cross the 38th parallel separating North and South Korea as they pursue the retreating North Korean Army.
1954 NATO nations agree to arm and admit West Germany.
1954 The first atomic-powered submarine, the Nautilus, is commissioned in Groton, Connecticut.
1955 Actor and teen idol James Dean is killed in a car crash while driving his Porsche on his way to enter it into a race in Salinas, California.
1960 Fifteen African nations are admitted to the United Nations.
1962 U.S. Marshals escort James H. Meredith into the University of Mississippi; two die in the mob violence that follows.
1965 The 30 September Movement unsuccessfully attempts coup against Indonesian government; an anti-communist purge in the aftermath results in over 500,000 deaths.
1965 President Lyndon Johnson signs legislation that establishes the National Foundation for the Arts and the Humanities.
1966 Bechuanaland ceases to be a British protectorate and becomes the independent Republic of Botswana.
1972 Pro baseball great Roberto Clemente hits his 3,000th—and final—hit of his career.
1975 The AH-64 Apache attack helicopter makes its first flight.
1994 Aldwych tube station (originally Strand Station) of the London Underground transit system closes after 88 years.
1999 Japan's second-worst nuclear accident occurs at a uranium processing facility in Tokaimura, killing two technicians.
2009 Earthquakes in Sumatra kill more than 1,115 people.
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For the Bubbas. Next Friday is a Bubba Breakfast
From the Archives
Thanks to Clint and Bob. Rick and Saundra and others sent it to me but I can't send videos unless they are in this format. The server has a max size limit. skip
Brings back a lot of great memories. Most of the guys look sorta familiar, but then again we were all pretty cool dudes. Great shots, with the exception of the F-14…..Ace of the Base, on the rails, deadeye…….Bob
"Kerosene Cowboy" song by Jeff Weber
Subject: Fwd: "Kerosene Cowboy" song by Jeff Weber
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ROLLING THUNDER REMEMBERED Thanks to the Bear … Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…
Skip… For The List for Saturday, 30 September 2023…Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…
From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post for 30 September 1968…
"Where is A6 B/N Lieutenant Spike Spinelli, USN?"… Left behind, but not forgotten!
Thanks to Micro
From Vietnam Air Losses site for Saturday September 30
September 30th: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=1967
This following work accounts for every fixed wing loss of the Vietnam War and you can use it to read more about the losses in The Bear's Daily account. Even better it allows you to add your updated information to the work to update for history…skip Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Servicemembers Killed in the Vietnam War
(This site was sent by a friend last week and I forgot to forward. The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature. https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
By: Kipp Hanley
AUGUST 15, 2022
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Thanks to Amazing Facts
People consider doctors more trustworthy when they wear a white coat.
Uniforms convey a sense of competency across professions ranging from delivery person and airline staff to chef and firefighter. The psychological implications may be even stronger when it comes to matters of health: According to one study published in the medical journal BMJ Open, doctors who don the traditional white coat are perceived as more trustworthy, knowledgeable, and approachable than those who administer to patients in scrubs or casual business wear.
The 2015-16 study drew from a questionnaire presented to more than 4,000 patients across 10 U.S. academic medical centers. Asked to rate their impressions of doctors pictured in various modes of dress, participants delivered answers that varied depending on their age and the context of proposed medical care. For example, patients preferred their doctors to wear a white coat atop formal attire in a physician's office, but favored scrubs in an emergency or surgical setting. Additionally, younger respondents were generally more accepting of scrubs in a hospital environment. Regardless, the presence of the white coat rated highly across the board — seemingly a clear signal to medical professionals on how to inspire maximum comfort and confidence from their patients.
Yet the issue of appropriate dress for doctors isn't as cut and dry as it seems, as decades of research have shown that those empowering white coats are more likely to harbor microbes that could be problematic in a health care setting. In part that's because the garments are long-sleeved, which offers more surface area for microbes to gather — a problem that's compounded because the coats are generally washed less often than other types of clothing. Although no definitive link between the long-sleeved coats and actual higher rates of pathogen transmission has been established, some programs, including the VCU School of Medicine in Virginia, have embraced a bare-below-the-elbows (BBE) dress code to minimize such problems. Clothes may make the man (or woman), but when it comes to patient safety, the general public may want to reassess their idea of how our health care saviors should appear.
Western doctors dressed in black until the late 1800s.
If the idea of a physician or surgeon wearing black seems a little morbid, well, that may have been part of the point in the 19th century. After all, the medical field had more than its share of undertrained practitioners who relied on sketchy procedures such as bloodletting, and even the work of a competent doctor could lead to lethal complications. However, Joseph Lister's introduction of antisepsis in the 1860s dramatically cut the mortality rate for surgical patients, and with it, the perception of the possibilities of medicine underwent a major shift. While black had once been worn to denote seriousness, doctors began wearing white lab coats like scientists to demonstrate their devotion to science-based methodology, a sartorial presentation that also reflected an association with cleanliness and purity. By the turn of the century, the image of the black-clad physician was largely consigned to the remnants of an unenlightened age.
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
The fall of the Berlin Wall was partly due to a bureaucratic mistake.
The Berlin Wall stood for 28 years, separating East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989. Had it not been for a bureaucratic mistake, it might have stood a little longer. Facing mounting pressure, East Germany announced on November 9, 1989, that its citizens could begin visiting the West, though the policy wasn't meant to take immediate effect. Instead, it was supposed to be rolled out gradually and involve a visa application. However, that's not what an unprepared politburo member named Günter Schabowski said when asked at a press conference that evening about the timeline for East Germans to begin their visits — his answer was "immediately, without delay."
Excited by the news, thousands of East Germans descended on the wall to both celebrate and make the crossing they'd been waiting so long for. This was especially overwhelming to Harald Jäger, a guard at the Bornholmer Strasse checkpoint. Receiving little in the way of helpful guidance from his superiors and faced with a growing crowd — to say nothing of the fact that he was waiting on results of a cancer test — he opened the gate. Other checkpoint guards did likewise, and this vital part of the Iron Curtain was finally torn down.
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Here is an article I found on Moe Berg . Very interesting man.
https://www.jta.org/2019/05/28/ny/the-very-mysterious-moe-berg
The Very Mysterious Moe Berg
By Jonathan Mark May 28, 2019 6:27 pm
Moe Berg, a ballplayer turned James Bond-like spy, was mysterious and courageous but ask him and he'd put a finger to his lips: Spies and gentlemen don't talk. Courtesy of Irwin Berg
Moe Berg was "the strangest man ever to play baseball," recalled Casey Stengel, with his half-century expertise on baseball and the strange. After all, Stengel didn't know another Jewish journeyman player who spoke a dozen languages, graduated Princeton University and Columbia Law School, was so slow getting to first base that he could be clocked with a sun dial, had absolutely no power (only six triples and six homers in 15 years) and was licensed to kill. Berg was an American spy, a veritable James Bond (and as magnetic to women), working in wartime Europe and Japan, before his remains were flown to Israel in 1972.
This most intriguing of tales is told in an almost impossibly brief 101 minutes in Aviva Kempner's new documentary, "The Spy Behind Home Plate," opening May 31 at the Quad Cinema in Greenwich Village.
Berg played seldom, but talked often, telling stories in bullpens across the country. A biography for SABR (the Society for American Baseball Research) quoted John Kieran, a sportswriter for The New York Times: "I never knew a ballplayer who didn't like him," as he was able to be a regular guy though he was anything but. The film tells how Kieran recruited Berg for "Information, Please," a sophisticated Depression-era quiz show, where Berg created a national sensation by answering questions on everything from astronomy to mythology, returning to the show three times. Berg, said Kieran, was "the most scholarly professional athlete I ever knew," and the most curious. "Baseball suited him perfectly," said one of his teammates. "He just loved to travel. It didn't make any difference to him what city." He'd explore each metropolis in the American League, and then riding the rails "he'd lay in the berth all night reading."
In 1921, one scout quoted in the film labeled Berg (a shortstop before switching to catcher), "good field, no hit," an impossibly terse analysis that became a baseball classic, even today, though few know it was first said of Berg. His lifetime batting average was only .243. Players joked, "He speaks a dozen languages but can't hit in any of them."
Berg was tall, strong, and "a womanizer," "very charming and the women went ga-ga for him," recalled teammates and friends. Babe Ruth's daughter, Julia (18 at the time), remembered dancing with Berg under the Pacific moon, as Berg and the Babe's family sailed to Japan with an all-star team in 1934. Said Julia, Berg "came on to me, which rather surprised me, I must say, but he was an interesting person, well educated, and I enjoyed dancing with him."
Yes, added Red Sox teammate Joseph Cascarella, he was a "womanizer, but he did it with great taste and elegance." With his mastery of languages and foreign culture, when Berg played for the Washington Senators he'd be invited to embassy parties, and go to the "countries" that interested him. Aside from that, writer Larry Merchant added, "he'd go to embassy parties to look for women. Hey, why not?"
To hear people — men and women — tell, Berg was likely the most mysterious, intellectual, bravest, sexiest and, in the end, perhaps the loneliest man of his time. Ask him about his secrets, and he'd just smile, put his index finger to his lips, and go "Shhh!" Spies and gentlemen don't talk.
Considering that Berg's been gone since 1972, and hasn't played ball in the majors for more than 70 years, it's to Kempner's credit how many of his old teammates and contemporary voices she found to testify to Berg's life and times. (She also obtained interviews given for a 1980s documentary that was never completed.) Among the all-star "talking heads" are Berg's Red Sox roommate Dom DiMaggio; White Sox owner Jerry Reinsdorf; former commissioner Bud Selig; Angels manager (and former manager of Team Israel) Brad Ausmus; Berg biographer Nicholas Davidoff; the sons of Walter Johnson and sportswriter Shirley Povich; writer Franklin Foer; Washington Post columnist David Ignatius; film historian Annette Insdorf; baseball historian John Thorn; sportswriters Ira Berkow and Larry Merchant; and some of Berg's fellow spies. Kempner even found the son of Estella Huni, a pianist who seems to have been the love of Berg's life, though they never married, a love dissolved by the distances imposed by baseball and wartime. Nevertheless "it was obvious," said Estella's son, that "they had a very passionate relationship."
Berg was born in Harlem, 1902, to Jewish immigrants thoroughly ill at ease with their Judaism and with baseball. Berg's father never went to see him play, not in college, not at Ebbets Field. At Princeton, where he starred in baseball, one of the prestigious Princeton dining clubs decided to relax its anti-Semitic rules, inviting Berg to join on the condition that he not invite any other Jew. Berg turned them down; his Jewish dignity demanded it. The Princeton yearbook noted under his photo: "He is a Hebrew."
He'd read any newspaper he could get his hands on, in any language. Over the years, he mastered Spanish, Japanese, Latin, Greek, German, Russian, French, as well as English, Hebrew, and Yiddish. Oh, he also spoke Sanskrit. In Tokyo, he signed autographs, "Moe Berg" in Japanese.
Good field? Great field; in 1928, he threw out 61 percent of base stealers (neither Yogi Berra nor Johnny Bench ever reached that percentage).
His life as a spy seems to have started on a 1934 trip to Japan. Why else would Berg even be on that trip with Ruth, Lou Gehrig, Jimmie Foxx, and other future Hall of Famers? Japan was already at war with China. Berg carried a letter of introduction from Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Most players had tourist cameras, but Berg had a state of the art Bell & Howell to take movies. One day, Berg visited the maternity ward in the Tokyo hospital — the tallest building in Tokyo. Wearing a kimono and Japanese slippers, parting his hair in the middle, Berg bought flowers, and went to visit the patient — except he didn't. Once allowed in the hospital, he went straight to the roof, threw away the flowers, and took out the 16 millimeter Bell & Howell from under his kimono, and filmed a panorama of Tokyo: the harbor, the industrial district, the commercial district. Berg's rooftop film was studied by American pilots before flying on Gen. Jimmy Doolittle's legendary bombing raid over Tokyo in 1942.
In 1944, the Office of Strategic Services, the wartime intelligence agency, sent Berg, with his knowledge of German and physics, to attend a lecture in Zurich by Werner Heisenberg, the brains behind the Nazi's atomic bomb development program. Berg slipped past the SS guards, carrying a pistol and a cyanide pill. If Berg thought that Heisenberg knew enough to soon get the bomb, Berg was to kill him on the spot—and swallow the cyanide. Berg, sitting in the front row, heard nothing of certainty from Heisenberg; he complimented the physicist on his speech and managed to charm Heisenberg to a walk back to his hotel, socializing in German, trying to extract more information. Berg saved his bullets for other things.
President Roosevelt sent an encoded message of appreciation for Berg's bravery: "Give my highest regards to the catcher."
The film's singular frustration is that it ends in 1945, though Berg died in 1972. (His last words: "How did the Mets do today?") Although he was a Princeton graduate, a lawyer, and was a coach with the Red Sox before the war, he spent his final quarter-century adrift. He sat alone at ballgames. He never held a job or had a girlfriend that anyone knew of (though he was friends with Anita Loos, who wrote "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes"). He lived with his brother, and then his sister. He was offered an advance to write his autobiography but then the publisher dropped the offer after discovering he was Moe Berg, not Moe Howard of the Three Stooges.
We called Kempner, 72, director of award-winning documentaries"The Life and Times of Hank Greenberg" and "Partisans of Vilna," and she explained, after the war "everything was anti-climactic. There was talk he did some secret missions for [Israeli Prime Minister] Golda Meir; I could not find evidence of it. There was talk he parachuted into Yugoslavia and fought [on behalf of] Tito. We couldn't find evidence. No one could even track down if his ashes were actually taken to Israel. Even his birth certificate proved wrong. From birth to death, so much of Moe was a mystery. I didn't want to say anything in the film that we weren't sure about."
It's as if he's holding a finger to his lips, "Shhh!"
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This Day in U S Military History
1857 – Unable to obtain trading privileges in Vietnam through diplomacy, the French begin their campaign to take Vietnam. They attack Danang and take the city in early 1858. This fails to foment the uprising of oppressed Christians that they had expected. Decimated by disease, they push south to take Saigon by 1861. Vietnam is divided by a strong popular rebellion in the north, and under the weak Emperor Tu Duc, regional risings against the French are never coordinated successfully. Hanoi falls in 1883. So the French started it ALL
1944 – USS Nautilus (SS-168) lands supplies and evacuates some people from Panay, Philippine Islands.
1945 – American Marines of the US 3rd Amphibious Corps start landing at Tientsin, in the north, to disarm 630,000 Japanese.
1946 – U.S. Government announces that U.S. Navy units would be permanently stationed in the Mediterranean to carry out American policy and diplomacy.
1946 – An international military tribunal in Nuremberg, Germany, found 22 top Nazi leaders guilty of war crimes. Ribbentrop and Goering were sentenced to death. American psychiatrist Leon Goldensohn interviewed many of the participants and in 2004 the interviews were published as "The Nuremberg Interviews: An American Psychiatrist's Conversations with the Defendants and Witnesses."
1949 – After 15 months and more than 250,000 flights, the Berlin Airlift officially comes to an end. The airlift was one of the greatest logistical feats in modern history and was one of the crucial events of the early Cold War. In June 1948, the Soviet Union suddenly blocked all ground traffic into West Berlin, which was located entirely within the Russian zone of occupation in Germany. It was an obvious effort to force the United States, Great Britain, and France (the other occupying powers in Germany) to accept Soviet demands concerning the postwar fate of Germany. As a result of the Soviet blockade, the people of West Berlin were left without food, clothing, or medical supplies. Some U.S. officials pushed for an aggressive response to the Soviet provocation, but cooler heads prevailed and a plan for an airlift of supplies to West Berlin was developed. It was a daunting task: supplying the daily wants and needs of so many civilians would require tons of food and other goods each and every day. On June 26, 1948, the Berlin Airlift began with U.S. pilots and planes carrying the lion's share of the burden. During the next 15 months, 277,264 aircraft landed in West Berlin bringing over 2 million tons of supplies. On September 30, 1949, the last plane–an American C-54–landed in Berlin and unloaded over two tons of coal. Even though the Soviet blockade officially ended in May 1949, it took several more months for the West Berlin economy to recover and the necessary stockpiles of food, medicine, and fuel to be replenished. The Berlin Airlift was a tremendous Cold War victory for the United States. Without firing a shot, the Americans foiled the Soviet plan to hold West Berlin hostage, while simultaneously demonstrating to the world the "Yankee ingenuity" for which their nation was famous. For the Soviets, the Berlin crisis was an unmitigated disaster. The United States, France, and Great Britain merely hardened their resolve on issues related to Germany, and the world came to see the Russians as international bullies, trying to starve innocent citizens
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
ROBB, GEORGE S.
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, 369th Infantry, 93d Division. Place and date: Near Sechault, France, 29-30 September 1918. Entered service at: Salina, Kans. Born: 18 May 1887, Assaria, Kans. G.O. No.: 16, W.D., 1919. Citation: While leading his platoon in the assault 1st Lt. Robb was severely wounded by machinegun fire, but rather than go to the rear for proper treatment he remained with his platoon until ordered to the dressing station by his commanding officer. Returning within 45 minutes, he remained on duty throughout the entire night, inspecting his lines and establishing outposts. Early the next morning he was again wounded, once again displaying his remarkable devotion to duty by remaining in command of his platoon. Later the same day a bursting shell added 2 more wounds, the same shell killing his commanding officer and 2 officers of his company. He then assumed command of the company and organized its position in the trenches. Displaying wonderful courage and tenacity at the critical times, he was the only officer of his battalion who advanced beyond the town, and by clearing machinegun and sniping posts contributed largely to the aid of his battalion in holding their objective. His example of bravery and fortitude and his eagerness to continue with his mission despite severe wounds set before the enlisted men of his command a most wonderful standard of morale and self-sacrifice.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for September 30, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
30 September
1906: Lt Frank P. Lahm and Maj Henry B. Hersey won the first James Gordon Bennett balloon race, flying 402 miles from Paris to Scarborough, England. (24)
1911: After an Aero Club of America air meet at Nassau Boulevard, Lt Henry H. Arnold became the "stunt man" for the movie, The Military Air Scout. (24)
1944: FIRST ATTACKS ON BALIKPAPAN. Dutch-built refineries at Balikpapan, Borneo, provided the Japanese with their aviation gasoline and other petroleum products. On 30 September, 69 Thirteenth Air Force B-24s from Noemfoor Island, 1,030 nautical miles distant from the target, struck the oil refineries. Four more raids followed with the last raid occurring on 18 October. The raids caused considerable destruction but no permanent damage. They did, however, provide both Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces much valuable long-range experience.
1949: Operation VITTLES. The last flight took place to end the Berlin Airlift. Results show 2,343,301.5 tons of supplies carried on 277,262 flights. US planes carried 1,783,826 tons. (4)
1951: KOREAN WAR. The 315th Air Division flew daily airlift sorties, transporting cargo, medical evacuees, and troops. During September, C-54s airlifted more passengers and cargo tonnage than those carried by all other 315th aircraft combined. (28)
1952: Bell Aircraft's Rascal GAM-63 air-to-surface strategic missile completed its first powered flight at Holloman AFB. (6) (24)
1955: North American Aviation won the contract to build the X-15 high-altitude, high-speed research aircraft. (8: Sep 90)
1958: The DoD announced an agreement with Italy to build Jupiter missile bases on Italian soil. (6)
1961: The USAF transferred all of TAC's base rescue mission and corresponding aircraft to the MATS. (11)
1963: SAC declared the 66 SMS at Ellsworth AFB operational, making it the first Minuteman I (Model B) unit to reach that status. (6)
1964: The Titan II's acquisition phase ended when AFLC assumed engineering support responsibilities. At Edwards AFB, the YF-12 was unveiled.
1965: SECDEF McNamara directed USAF to develop and produce the C-5A transport. Early plans called for a gross weight of nearly 350 tons--twice that of existing largest plane-to carry loads of 250,000 pounds for 3,200 miles or 100,000 pounds nonstop across the Pacific Ocean. (12)
1968: The world's largest commercial jet, the Boeing 747 rolled out of the factory at Everett, Wash., for the first time. . "Go Get Em," a 13 TFS F-4D at Udorn AB flew 80 combat sorties over North Vietnam during September to break all existing records for the number of sorties in a month by an F-4. (17)
1969: Cannon AFB and the 27 TFW received the first F-111E. (11)
1975: OPERATION HIGH NOON: Through 2 October, Gen Russell E. Dougherty, the SAC Commander, decided not to hold an annual bombing competition. Instead, he exercised SAC's ability to carry out contingency operations with minimum preparation. The test included RAF Vulcan bombers and six TAC F-111s. It also involved two crews and aircraft from 21 bomb wings and 26 air refueling squadrons. The 92d BMW at Fairchild AFB won the outstanding SAC unit award for the competition. (1)
1977: The first C-141 transatlantic mission without a navigator aboard traveled from Charleston AFB to Rota NAS, Spain. The aircraft used the Delco inertial navigation system. (16) (26)
1981: In October 1981, President Reagan ordered the deactivation of the Titan II weapon system. The missile in Site 571-6 of the 390 SMW at Davis Monthan AFB became the first to be removed from alert for deactivation. (1) H. Ross Perot, Jr., and Jay Coburn flew a Bell 206L Longranger on the first helicopter flight around the world. They started and finished at Fort Worth.
1983: Boeing Aerospace Company received a contract to produce 330 ALCMs between 1 November 1984 and 31 October 1985. (12)
1984: The 37 TFW at George AFB achieved an initial operating capability (IOC) with the AGM-88 High Speed Antiradiation Missile. (11)
1986: The USAF bought the 120 Gates Learjet and Beech Aircraft it leased in 1984. (16)
1989: TAC declared an initial operating capability for the F-15E with the 336 TFS at SeymourJohnson AFB. (30)
1990: MAC transferred its C-23A Sherpas to AFSC at Edwards AFB; the USA at Redstone Army Airfield, Alabama; and the United States Forest Service, Boise, Idaho. (18)
1995: The 93d Bomb Wing, the first B-52 wing in the Air Force, inactivated after 47 years of continuous service. Castle AFB closed at the same time. (16) (26)
2001: The AFFTC at Edwards AFB deployed the EC-135C "Big Crow" electronic combat research aircraft, along with personnel from two flight test squadron detachments and maintenance technicians, to support Operation ENDURING FREEDOM. This was the first AFMC unit deployment to the area of operations. (3)
2005: The final C-141 Starlifter mission into a combat zone ended when C-141C (tail no. 66-0132) returned from Balad AB, Iraq, with 24 litter patients, 23 ambulatory patients, and 3 attendants to Ramstein AB. The C-141, flown by Lt Col Timothy W. Baldwin, belonged to the 445 AW at Wright-Patterson AFB. (22) The 181st Fighter Wing (Indiana ANG) deployed 350 members and 12 F-16s to Kadena AFB to fill in for an active duty USAF F-15 squadron that moved elsewhere to support the "Global War on Terrorism." (32)
2007: Operations ENDURING FREEDOM/IRAQI FREEDOM. September was a record-breaking month for the air component mobility fleet as the aircraft transported more than 115,000 passengers and more than 20,000 short tons of cargo in, out and around the U.S. Central Command area of responsibility. That effort included a record high for the C-17 Globemaster IIIs, which carried more than 52,000 passengers. (AFNEWS, "October 2 Airpower Summary," 3 Oct 2007.)
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Thanks to Brett
Stratfor snippets - Mexico, Burkina Faso, France, China, Gabon, Ukraine/Russia, Sri Lanka, Saudi Arabia/Israel, Armenia/Azerbaijan, Taiwan, U.K., U.S./Pacific Islands, Italy, China, Southeast Asia
Mexico: Dismembered Bodies Placed Throughout Monterrey
What Happened: The bodies of up to a dozen people were found throughout Monterrey city in Mexico's northern state of Nuevo Leon on Sept. 26 in a series of murders linked to apparent infighting within the Northeast cartel, BBC reported on Sept. 27.
Why It Matters: The bodies demonstrate the continuing presence of organized crime groups in Monterrey, which could result in public violence that poses safety risks to locals and international travelers. Although the incidents appear to be the result of an internal purge within the Northeast cartel, a range of rival cartels are also present in Nuevo Leon, including the Sinaloa cartel, the Cartel de Jalisco Nueva Generacion and the Gulf cartel, creating the potential for inter-cartel clashes that increase safety risks over the coming months. Nuevo Leon is one of Mexico's richest states largely due to manufacturing in Monterrey, and international attention on the bodies discovered on Sept. 26 will likely lead Mexican authorities to increase security in the city to demonstrate to international businesses and corporate travelers that the city is safe. However, these measures could create logistical disruptions, particularly in the event of security checkpoints that delay traffic.
Background: Monterrey is home to a range of international businesses, including manufacturing facilities for Heineken, Panasonic, Siemens, and Mercedes-Benz, with Tesla also planning to open a facility in the city. The city is strategically located near the U.S. border, with major highways to border crossings at Laredo and McAllen, Texas. The Northeast cartel is a splinter of Los Zetas, formerly one of Mexico's most powerful criminal organizations.
Burkina Faso: Junta Dispels Rumors of Another Coup
What Happened: Hundreds of people marched in Burkina Faso's capital Ouagadougou on Sept. 26 in support of Interim President Ibrahim Traore after rumors surfaced on social media of an internal coup, GhanaWeb reported the next day. The government said Traore was safe and that his soldiers surrounded the palace.
Why It Matters: While apparently false, the coup rumors highlight Traore's vulnerability to overthrow amid ongoing failure to stem jihadist attacks. Another coup would not affect Burkina Faso's ostracization from the Economic Community of West African States or economic sanctions. However, the would-be coup leaders' position on external military intervention, primarily from Russia's paramilitary Wagner Group, could precipitate a shift in defense strategy.
Background: Burkina Faso has experienced two coups since January 2022, with opportunistic members of the military seizing on the government's inability to quell rising insecurity.
France: Paris to Begin Gradual Public Debt Reduction With 2024 Budget
What Happened: France's budget for 2024 includes savings of 16 billion euros ($16.83 billion) and decreases total spending from the 2023 budget by 5 billion euros, Bloomberg reported on Sept. 27. To reach these goals, France will phase out household energy subsidies, delay promised tax cuts and trim unemployment benefits, although the government will also increase spending on social welfare, pensions, the military, police and the green energy transition.
Why It Matters: This reduced spending is part of Paris' goal to gradually bring the public deficit below 3% by 2027 in line with EU fiscal rules. As part of this effort, the government wants to enshrine debt reduction plans in a multi-year law on public finance planning that would force Parliament to approve annual budgets under strict spending limits through 2027 and allow France to unlock 18 billion euros in EU funds. However, the government does not control a majority in the lower house, so it will have to resort to Article 49.3 of the constitution to pass both the 2024 budget and the law on public finance planning without parliamentary approval. This bypass of Parliament will likely result in renewed clashes with opposition parties and unions. Meanwhile, France's independent fiscal watchdog said the government's debt-reduction plans lacked ambition and will likely fail to meet the target.
Background: French public debt increased from 97.4% of gross domestic product in 2019 to 111.6% of GDP in 2022, surpassing 3 trillion euros for the first time in 2023. Meanwhile, the cost of financing the debt has risen significantly as a result of rising interest rates, with the interest burden on the debt expected to rise to 2.4% of GDP in 2027 and total over 80 billion euros, making it the largest budget item.
China: Evergrande Chairman on Police Watch Amid Restructuring Setbacks
What Happened: Chinese police placed billionaire chairman Hui Ka Yan of major real estate developer Evergrande under house watch, Bloomberg reported on Sept. 27.
Why It Matters: Evergrande's restructuring problems continue to weigh on consumption and China's economic recovery. Beijing is putting maximum pressure on Evergrande leadership to resume the company's restructuring and finish promised home construction. These efforts are intended to mitigate the impact of Evergrande's debt struggles on nationwide real estate sales and reduce the risk of social unrest from disgruntled homeowners. This is not Evergrande's first near collapse, nor is it Beijing's first foray into messy restructurings, so it still appears likely these efforts will help avoid the kind of sudden Evergrande collapse that could spur a broader financial crisis.
Background: Evergrande stated on Sept. 24 that it could not issue bonds in keeping with its debt restructuring plan because its subsidiary Hengda Real Estate was under regulatory investigation. A group of offshore creditors is threatening to join a wind-up petition if Evergrande does not have a new restructuring plan by Oct. 30.
Gabon: U.S. Halts Aid to Gabon After Coup
What Happened: The United States halted non-humanitarian aid to Gabon following the Aug. 30 military coup that ousted President Ali Bongo Ondimba, AP reported on Sept. 27. U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken did not state which programs would be affected, but he said the decision will not impact U.S. government operations in the Central African nation.
Why It Matters: In the coming months, the United States and the international community will likely push for mediation talks to facilitate Gabon's transition to civilian rule, although Gabon will likely continue to resist this pressure. Gabon is the second country in Africa to experience a coup in 2023, heightening fears of a spillover in Central Africa.
Background: On Aug. 30, a group of military officers deposed President Ali Bongo, just hours after he was declared the winner of Gabon's Aug. 26 presidential election. The junta has said it will draft a new constitution, hold a referendum, introduce a new electoral code and hold elections in two years.
Ukraine, Russia: Multiple Sources Claim Wagner Returns to Bakhmut
What Happened: A spokesperson of the Ukrainian army's eastern forces confirmed reports that mercenaries affiliated with Russia's paramilitary Wagner Group have returned to Ukraine, near Bakhmut, Meduza reported on Sept. 27. Similar reports also appeared in other Ukrainian and Western outlets, as well as in the influential Russian military messaging channel Rybar, though the reports disagreed on whether or not the soldiers came from Belarus.
Why It Matters: These reports are the first sign that Russia may be recommitting Wagner fighters from Belarus to the war in Ukraine. Influential far-right groups will likely claim that these developments are a sign that former Wagner leader Yevgeny Prigozhin's death has furthered Russian interests, boosting the Kremlin's popularity among this key constituency. More information about whether or not the Wagner fighters came from Belarus, their actual affiliation with Wagner or with other Russian paramilitary groups, and their number will likely emerge in the coming weeks, providing insight into the group's future global activities.
Background: Satellite images show that the Wagner mercenary camp in Asipovichy, Belarus, has decreased in size since August, but the camp has not been fully dismantled. Prigozhin died in a plane crash on Aug. 23 along with several other Wagner leaders in an apparent assassination.
Sri Lanka: IMF Fails to Reach Staff-Level Agreement, Delaying Second Bailout Tranche
What Happened: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) failed to reach a staff-level agreement with Sri Lanka following the fund's first review for the country's $2.9 billion bailout, Reuters reported on Sept. 27. The fund said it would "continue its discussions…with the goal of reaching a staff-level agreement in the near term" but did not provide a timeline.
Why It Matters: While Sri Lanka's economy has tentatively stabilized — with inflation plunging to 1.3% in September, local currency appreciating by around 12%, and foreign exchange reserves bolstered by $1.5 billion from March to June — the IMF's confidence in the country's economic trajectory remains shaky. The lack of an agreement will delay the release of a second tranche of approximately $330 million, which will challenge the government's efforts to strengthen economic recovery. To boost the IMF's confidence and secure the tranche, the government may seek to bolster revenue collection and cut government spending, though these efforts would likely prove unpopular and heighten risks of public backlash and protests.
Background: The fund noted that it expected Sri Lanka to fall nearly 15% short of its initial revenue targets by the end of 2023 and that growth of the country's foreign exchange reserves had slowed in recent months. The statements come after an IMF delegation finished a two-week visit to the country to conduct a review of Sri Lanka's $2.9 billion Extended Fund Facility approved in March.
Saudi Arabia, Israel: Israeli Ministers Begin Visits to Saudi Arabia
What Happened: Ahmed al-Khateeb, the chair of Saudi Arabia's tourism commission, welcomed Israeli Tourism Minister Haim Katz to Saudi Arabia, the first public acknowledgment of an Israeli politician's visit to Saudi Arabia, The Times of Israel reported on Sept. 27. Katz is visiting Saudi Arabia to participate in the U.N. World Tourism Organization conference.
Why It Matters: Riyadh is using the cover of international conferences to bring in Israeli ministers to normalize state-to-state ties, accustom the public to the presence of Israelis openly in the kingdom, and set the stage for limited agreements ahead of eventual full-scale normalization. Despite these efforts to prepare Saudi citizens for normalization, the event may radicalize some elements of Saudi Arabia's population, leading them to attack Israeli interests and citizens in the kingdom.
Background: Several other Israeli ministers and politicians are due to visit Saudi Arabia the week of Oct. 2, including Communications Minister Shlomo Karhi and Knesset Economic Affairs Committee chair David Bitan. In order to minimize the backlash of normalization with Israel, the Saudi government is borrowing from the United Arab Emirates' strategy of steadily increasing the visibility of Israelis in the kingdom to "normalize normalization."
Armenia, Azerbaijan: Local Armenian Government in Nagorno-Karabakh Dissolves
What Happened: Ethnic Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh said they were dissolving the breakaway statelet they had defended for three decades and that it would "cease to exist" by Jan. 1, Reuters reported on Sept. 28. The self-declared Nagorno-Karabakh Republic also said the population of the region, including those located outside the republic, should become familiar with the conditions of reintegration presented by Azerbaijan to make a decision on the possibility of staying (or returning) to Nagorno-Karabakh in the future.
Why It Matters: Azerbaijan is unlikely to easily grant Nagorno-Karabakh's residents Azerbaijani citizenship or legalized status if they are not present in the region during Azerbaijani authorities' current operations. This will prove an obstacle for any Armenians who try to return to Nagorno-Karabakh after fleeing the region, as many are set to do amid perceived threats to their safety. The presence of few Armenians in the region also means Azerbaijan is unlikely to allow normalized, low-restriction transit between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, despite local Armenian authorities' indications that this remains a possibility.
Background: On Sept. 28, Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan said, "analysis shows that in the coming days there will be no Armenians left in Nagorno-Karabakh," and he accused Azerbaijan of ethnic cleansing. The press secretary of the Armenian prime minister, Nazeli Baghdasaryan, said a total of 70,500 people had entered Armenia from Nagorno-Karabakh since the Sept. 19 Azerbaijani military operation seized the Armenian-populated breakaway region. Azerbaijani police entered the former capital of Stepanakert on Sept. 27.
Taiwan: Domestic Submarine Progress Might be Too Little Too Late
What Happened: Taiwan's military unveiled its first domestically built attack submarine, the "Hai Kun" (Narwhal), which will commence harbor testing on Oct. 1 and thereafter sea testing, Focus Taiwan reported on Sept. 28. Taipei aims to have this submarine combat-ready by the end of 2024 and a second submarine ready by 2027.
Why It Matters: Taiwan's homemade sub fleet will help patrol critical straits (like the Bashi and Balintang Channels), but it will be woefully insufficient to hold off China's navy during a Taiwan war scenario. The pace of Taiwan's domestic submarine program is too slow, especially given China's rapid buildout of submarines and anti-submarine warships, and will not be able to build up to a sufficient size to make much of a military difference in the event that China attacks prior to Chinese President Xi Jinping's resignation, which may be as early as 2032. Taiwan's defense remains largely dependent on U.S. and Japanese military support, which is plagued by legal and budgetary roadblocks.
Background: Taiwan has only two submarines currently in use, both of which it purchased from the Netherlands in the 1980s.
U.K.: Labour Party Confirms Commitment to Nuclear Deterrent, Future EU-U.K. Security Pact
What Happened: The United Kingdom's Labour Party is committed to retaining the country's Trident nuclear deterrent and will look to strike a "security pact" with the European Union should it win the next general election, Shadow Foreign Secretary David Lammy and Shadow Defense Secretary John Healy said in an op-ed in The Telegraph on Sept. 28.
Why It Matters: Lammy and Healy's comments highlight that security and defense cooperation will be one of the main avenues through which the Labour Party will look to strengthen ties with the European Union should it win the next British general election. The European Union is likely to accept greater defense cooperation with London given that it proposed a defense agreement with the United Kingdom during the two sides' negotiations on post-Brexit relations in 2020. While Labour leaders' renewed commitment to Trident showcases that party leader Keir Starmer is intent on maintaining the United Kingdom as a leading actor in the Euro-Atlantic security architecture, the program's high cost means it will remain a source of controversy within the party — and potentially create complications in Parliament for a hypothetical Starmer government.
Background: Background: Labour's emphasis on the need to retain Trident and proceed with the replacement of Vanguard-class submarines with the new Dreadnought-class comes as former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn's commitment to Trident had been called into question. The op-ed aims to reassure Western allies on the future direction of British foreign policy amid growing expectation that Labour will win the United Kingdom's next general election.
U.S., Pacific Islands: Washington Backs New Undersea Cable Network in Pacific
What Happened: The United States is backing the construction of the Central Pacific Cable, a planned undersea internet cable covering thousands of miles that will link U.S. territories American Samoa and Guam before extending to 10 Pacific Island countries and territories, Reuters reported on Sept. 27. The territories are the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tuvalu, and Wallis and Futuna.
Why It Matters: The subsea cable project will help the United States woo the Pacific Island countries by providing promised critical infrastructure, as subsea cables are integral to global communications. However, this cable will likely take three to five years to construct and become operational. More broadly, undersea internet cable networks have quickly become another vector of U.S.-China competition, with many existing and planned intercontinental links running through Chinese or Chinese-controlled waters such as the South China Sea. The United States and its partners are therefore engaging in building new networks that circumvent Chinese control and insulate such networks from geopolitical risk.
Background: The Central Pacific Cable is intended to complement the new East Micronesia Cable in the Pacific built by the United States, Australia and Japan, which likewise connects Pacific Island nations Kiribati, Micronesia and Nauru. In June, the World Bank canceled an undersea cable project linking Pacific Islands led by a Chinese company after U.S. warnings of Chinese espionage. This cable would have also linked to Guam where the United States maintains sizable military infrastructure.
Italy: Europe Bond Markets Rally Amid Higher-Than-Expected Deficits in Italy
What Happened: Italy's 10-year government bond yields briefly rose to 4.96%, the highest since 2012, after the Italian government raised its fiscal deficit targets and cut its growth forecast for 2023 and 2024, the Financial Times reported on Sept. 28. Additionally, the Italian bonds' spread with their German equivalent (a closely watched benchmark of eurozone market risks) briefly touched 200 basis points, its widest since the U.S. banking crisis in March.
Why It Matters: Italy's revised deficit and growth forecasts are adding to concerns that global interest rates may remain higher for longer amid stubborn inflation and rising oil prices, causing a sell-off in government bonds and leading to a sharp price drop. While prices rebounded on Sept. 29 amid encouraging inflation data in the eurozone, debt stabilization in Italy remains a primary source of concern for investors, particularly given the uncertainty surrounding EU fiscal rules in 2024 under the Stability and Growth Pact. Moreover, the limited fiscal room for the government in Rome is a potential source of political risk ahead of a contentious budget law the ruling coalition is preparing to submit by the end of October. Still, a solid parliamentary majority for the Italian government and the Transmission Protection Instrument backstop put in place last year by the European Central Bank should help contain spreads to sustainable levels.
Background: The Italian government announced that its fiscal deficit for 2023 and 2024 would rise from the 4.5% and 3.7% of GDP forecast in April to 5.3% and 4.3%, respectively, while growth would only increase by 0.8% in 2023 and 1.2% in 2024, down from the 1% and 1.5% respectively forecast in April. Yields on Italian sovereign debt dropped again on Sept. 29 following signs of easing inflation from the eurozone, which saw headline and core inflation falling to 4.3% and 4.5%, respectively.
Ukraine, Russia: Putin Discusses Ukraine War With Former Wagner Commander
What Happened: Russian President Vladimir Putin held a meeting with ex-commander of the paramilitary Wagner Group Andrei Troshev (who the Kremlin said now works for Russia's Defense Ministry) and Deputy Defense Minister Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, Reuters reported on Sept. 29. During the meeting, Putin said he and Troshev had spoken about the organization of "volunteer units that can perform various combat tasks, above all, of course, in the zone of the special military operation."
Why It Matters: The meeting is intended to signal the Kremlin's control over the remnants of the Wagner Group following former leader Yevgeny Prigozhin's death, as well as Moscow's intention to recommit a significant portion of current or former Wagner fighters to the Ukraine war. The meeting is also a sign that the Wagner Group and other private military companies under the direction of Troshev and Yevkurov may begin stepping up recruitment efforts, including of prisoners, to participate in the war, as the Wagner Group did in the past.
Background: On Sept. 27, reports emerged that fighters affiliated with the Wagner Group have returned to combat in Ukraine near Bakhmut. Troshev had long been the leader of Wagner forces that intended to continue fighting in Ukraine since Wagner's June mutiny led by Prigozhin.
China: Kroll Executive Hit With Exit Ban
What Happened: Michael Chan, a Hong Kong passport holder and senior executive of U.S. risk advisory firm Kroll, has been barred from leaving mainland China since July, The Wall Street Journal reported on Sept. 29. Chan is reportedly being compelled to assist in an ongoing investigation that targets neither him nor his employer Kroll.
Why It Matters: The increasingly frequent use of exit bans and travel restrictions against executives of foreign firms is harming confidence in the Chinese market, now at its lowest in decades. As shown in this case, not being the target of an investigation can result in an exit ban as long as authorities require cooperation. The U.S. State Department has already revised its travel advisory to China, asking U.S. travelers to reconsider going to China given its increasingly arbitrary enforcement of laws and willingness to ensnare U.S. and other foreign citizens in cases to which they are only tangentially related and committed no wrongdoing.
Background: This is the latest incident of Chinese authorities cracking down on foreign financial and due diligence firms in the wake of new data laws. A senior executive at Japanese firm Nomura was similarly hit with an exit ban on Sept. 25, and Chinese authorities raided Mintz Group and detained all five of its U.S.-based staff members as well as interrogated staff at Bain & Co. earlier this year.
Southeast Asia: Food Insecurity on the Rise Amid Rice Export Bans, El Nino
What Happened: Rice prices are up more than 40% in Southeast Asia since late 2022 amid India's rice export ban instituted on July 20 and El Nino conditions that are reducing rice output from harvests, BenarNews reported on Sept. 29.
Why It Matters: The full effects of El Nino will not likely be seen until the end of 2023 or early 2024, meaning rice prices are likely to continue spiking amid dry conditions. Indonesia and Malaysia, which produce rice but are net rice importers because domestic stocks are insufficient for their populations, may see the worst price spikes. Due to the region's dependence on rice, these price spikes could portend grave food insecurity and severe hunger.
Background: Rice accounts for 50-70% of the calorie intake for the people of Southeast Asia. El Nino typically makes Southeast Asia drier than usual, and over the past 30 years, it has been associated with periods of rice price inflation.
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