To All,
Good Friday morning October 13, 2023
We are awaiting the roofers and the day is clear and sunny. I hope that you all have a great weekend
Regards
Skip
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Thanks to Cowboy who fixed the problem with Heater's URL from yesterday
The link had a problem so I rebuilt it below:
Squawk 7700 Heater Needs some Help
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Today in Naval and Marine Corps History thanks to NHHC
October 13
Today is the 248th birthday of the United States Navy.
1775 The Continental Congress votes for two vessels to be fitted out and armed with 10 carriage guns, a proportional number of swivel guns, and crews of 80 then sent out on a cruise of three months to intercept transports carrying munitions and stores to the British army in America. This legislation, out of which the Continental Navy grew, constitutes the birth of the U.S. Navy.
1862 The Union yacht America seizes schooner David Crockett attempting to run the blockade out of Charleston with a cargo of turpentine and rosin.
1864 Union bark Braziliera and screw-steamer Mary Sanford, both with the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, send out a boat expedition that frees a number of slaves from a plantation on White Oak Creek, Ga.
1941 The Bureau of Aeronautics directed the painting of all fleet aircraft non-specular light gray, except for surfaces seen from above, which were to be blue gray. Beginning in late December, this color scheme extended to shore-based airplanes, except trainers.
1944 TBF (VC 9) aircraft of escort carrier USS Card (CVE 11) sink the German submarine U-402, which had previously sunk 15 Allied vessels, including USS Cythera (PY 26).
Great story that has been around for a while. Not sure of the whole truth but entertaining and good for the birthday of the Navy from the days of wooden ships and iron men fortified by a few sips of rum.
LITTLE KNOWN TIDBIT OF NAVAL HISTORY... The U. S. S. Constitution (Old Ironsides), as a combat vessel, carried 48,600 gallons of fresh water for her crew of 475 officers and men. This was sufficient to last six months of sustained operations at sea. She carried no evaporators (i.e. fresh water distillers). However, let it be noted that according to her ship's log, "On July 27, 1798, the U.S.S. Constitution sailed from Boston with a full complement of 475 officers and men, 48,600 gallons of fresh water, 7,400 cannon shot, 11,600 pounds of black powder and 79,400 gallons of rum." Her mission: "To destroy and harass English shipping."Making Jamaica on 6 October, she took on 826 pounds of flour and 68,300 gallons of rum. Then she headed for the Azores, arriving there 12 November. She provisioned with 550 pounds of beef and 64,300 gallons of Portuguese wine. On 18 November, she set sail for England. In the ensuing days she defeated five British men-of-war and captured and scuttled 12 English merchant ships, salvaging only the rum aboard each. By 26 January, her powder and shot were exhausted. Nevertheless, although unarmed she made a night raid up the Firth of Clyde in Scotland. Her landing party captured a whisky distillery and transferred 40,000 gallons of single malt Scotch aboard by dawn. Then she headed home.The U. S. S. Constitution arrived in Boston on 20 February 1799, with no cannon shot, no food, no powder, no rum, no wine, no whisky, and 38,600 gallons of water. GO NAVY
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Today in World History October 13
54 Nero succeeds his great uncle Claudius, who was murdered by his wife, as the new emperor of Rome.
1307 Members of the Knights of Templar are arrested throughout France, imprisoned and tortured by the order of King Philip the Fair of France. Thus began the story of Friday the 13th being bad luck ;Skip
1399 Henry IV of England is crowned.
1670 Virginia passes a law that blacks arriving in the colonies as Christians cannot be used as slaves.
1775 The Continental Congress authorizes construction of two warships, thus instituting an American naval force.
1776 Benedict Arnold is defeated at Lake Champlain.
1792 President George Washington lays the cornerstone for the White House.
1812 At the Battle of Queenston Heights, a Canadian and British army defeats the American who have tried to invade Canada.
1849 The California state constitution, which prohibits slavery, is signed in Monterey.
1903 Boston defeats Pittsburgh in baseball's first World Series.
1904 Sigmund Freud's The Interpretation of Dreams is published.
1942 In the first of four attacks, two Japanese battleships sail down the slot and shell Henderson field on Guadalcanal, in an unsuccessful effort to destroy the American Cactus Air Force.
1943 Italy declares war on Germany.
1944 Troops of the advancing Soviet Army occupy Riga, capital of Latvia.
1946 The Fourth Republic begins in France; will continue to 1958.
1958 First appearance of Paddington Bear, now a beloved icon of children's literature.
1967 First game of the fledgling American Basketball Association; Oakland Oaks beat Anaheim Amigos 134-129 in Oakland, Cal.
1972 Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571 crashes in the Andes Mountains, near the Argentina-Chile border; only 16 survivors (out of 45 people aboard) are rescued on Dec. 23.
1976 Dr. F.A. Murphy at Center for Disease Control obtains the first electron micrograph of an Ebola viral particle.
1983 The Space Shuttle Challenger, carrying seven, the largest crew to date, lands safely at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
1990 The Lebanese Civil War ends when a Syrian attack removes Gen. Michel Aoun from power.
2010 After being underground for a record 69 days, all 33 miners trapped in a Copiapo, Chile, mine are rescued.
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ROLLING THUNDER REMEMBERED Thanks to the Bear … Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…
Skip… For The List for Friday, 13 October 2023… Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…
From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post for 13 October 1968…
A shaky way to measure warfighting success and effectiveness..
Thanks to Micro
From Vietnam Air Losses site for Friday October 13
October 13: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=294
This following work accounts for every fixed wing loss of the Vietnam War and you can use it to read more about the losses in The Bear's Daily account. Even better it allows you to add your updated information to the work to update for history…skip Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Servicemembers Killed in the Vietnam War
The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature.
https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
By: Kipp Hanley
AUGUST 15, 2022
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Thanks to Carl
The Best Of Times
A great video!!
WHITE SPORT COATS & PINK CARNATIONS
This is such a great video. So, enjoy it. For those of you/us who experienced the iconic 1950's and early 1960's, a time that will never be repeated.
The cars are fantastic, the music was so wonderful, romantic, nostalgic, even magical. We were rich and did not know it! We were innocent and thought we were experienced.
We were very fortunate to have lived in such an era. Enjoy the past as revealed here. Who knows what the future will bring?
PS: The secret's out! They actually show where the gas filler is on a 56 Chevy!
http://biggeekdad.com/2013/01/the-best-of-times
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
10 Unexplained Mysteries Around the World
Uncharted seas, undiscovered continents — the entire world was once filled with maps marked with dragons and tales of lost civilizations. And although science has solved many puzzles and debunked many myths, the unexplained still fires the imagination and excites our sense of adventure, especially when it comes to travel-related enigmas like disappearances in the Bermuda Triangle. From a debated ascent of Everest in 1924 to a European castle erected over the supposed "gateway to hell," here are 10 mysteries for you to debunk — or just revel in.
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The Nazca Lines
A hummingbird. A monkey. Trees and flowers. Why were more than 350 of these images, some visible only from the air, etched into the soil of the Nazca Desert of Peru? How were these geoglyphs created across roughly 200 square miles, beginning more than 2,000 years ago? What purposes did these lines and images serve? These are the questions raised by the Nazca Lines. Now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, the lines were carved by the Paracas and then the Nazca cultures over a period of more than a thousand years.
This archaeological enigma is the largest collection of geoglyphs in the world, and the meaning and purpose of the symbols has been a subject of debate since Spanish conquistador Pedro Cieza de León wrote about them in 1553. Although he initially described the lines as trail markers — and some do point to water or mark aquifers — speculation about their purpose ranges from the reasonable (the images serve astronomical and religious means) to the surreal (the complex was constructed by aliens and served as an interplanetary spaceport).
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The Ghost Ship Mary Celeste
What could be the reason for a crew of seven — along with their well-regarded captain and his wife and young daughter — to abandon a seaworthy ship, leaving behind a full cargo, food, and supplies? That is the enduring mystery of the Mary Celeste, a two-masted brigantine that set sail from New York City on November 7, 1872. Bound for the Italian port of Genoa, the ship was loaded with 1,700 barrels of denatured alcohol.
On December 4, the Canadian ship Dei Gratia found the Mary Celeste drifting near the Azores islands, its main lifeboat missing but cargo and personal belongings undisturbed. Although suffering some minor damage, the craft was sound. Part of the crew from the Dei Gratia sailed it to Gibraltar, where a full investigation was launched. Lurid suspicions about pirates and mutiny and suggestions of giant sea monsters were in abundance, and even Sherlock Holmes author Arthur Conan Doyle chimed in with a short story attributing the disappearance to a vengeful formerly enslaved person. No evidence was found of foul play — nor of any other solid reason for the ship to be abandoned.
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The Bermuda Triangle
Countless theories surround the unexplained disappearance of people, ships, and planes in the section of sea that's a rough triangle between Bermuda, Miami, and Puerto Rico. Especially in the 1970s and '80s, it was almost impossible to open a magazine or turn on a TV without seeing a breathless article or documentary about the so-called "Devil's Triangle." A number of high-profile incidents (including the disappearance of five U.S. Avenger torpedo bombers in 1945) created a near-hurricane of conspiracies.
The region is rife with treacherous reefs, and the Gulf Stream often causes sudden and violent storms. Nonetheless, disappearances have also been blamed on extraterrestrials, secret government plots, Atlantis, wormholes into other dimensions, rogue waves, and undersea methane bubbles. However, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Coast Guard are clear that there is no evidence that ships or planes disappear more frequently in the Bermuda Triangle than they do anywhere else in the world.
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The Mystery of Stonehenge
One of Britain's most iconic sites, the concentric circles of stone on southern England's Salisbury Plain are a wonder of Neolithic engineering and an enduring mystery. The humans who began constructing Stonehenge around 5,000 years ago transported some of the massive stones from as far away as Wales, although one of the many legends of its origins says the wizard Merlin was involved.
Theories about the purpose of the site abound. Human remains excavated at Stonehenge predate the current monument, suggesting that it may have originated as a cemetery for the elite. Long supposed to be an astronomical observatory, it draws hundreds of modern-day Druids who come to observe the solstice each midsummer. But recent research has uncovered interesting acoustic qualities as well. The placement of the stones creates an amplification of sound for people who would have been standing inside the circle, while those on the outside would have difficulty hearing music or chanting coming from within.
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The Marfa Ghost Lights Marfa, a small town of 1,700, is now known as an art oasis with quirky installations, but art isn't the only thing drawing visitors to this dusty spot in West Texas. People from around the globe make the trip, hoping to witness the mysterious orbs of light that flicker and float across the Chihuahuan Desert, 50 miles from the Mexican border. First reported by a cowhand in 1883, the "ghost lights" have drawn the attention of scientists and spiritualists, both hoping to understand the origin of the light show, which usually presents as basketball-sized glowing lights in various colors that dart and dance.
Opinions on the origin of the orbs range from the ghosts of Spanish conquistadors to space aliens (of course) to more sedate sources like ball lightning. Other possibilities include the refraction of light caused by layers of air at different temperatures (often called Fata Morgana), the ignition of phosphine and methane ("swamp gas"), or a type of charge known as piezoelectricity. There's no definitive answer … and so the pretty mystery remains.
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The Depopulation of Easter Island
The remote Rapa Nui (Easter Island) lies 2,300 miles west of Chile. No written historical records exist concerning the island; however, it's commonly agreed that seafaring Polynesians settled there sometime between 800 and 1200 CE. The island is famous for a collection of around 900 moai statues — stone-carved figures that stand in rows on cliffs, hillsides, and shorelines, most of them with their backs to the sea. The average moai is 13 feet tall and weighs 14 tons; the tallest is a whopping 72 feet high. Archaeologists believe that the colossal statues portray gods and tribal leaders, and it's thought that ropes and trees were used to move and position the statues upright.
While the moai have long intrigued researchers, the rapid demise and depopulation of Easter Island has puzzled them. When Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen arrived here in 1722, he encountered 3,000 or more islanders living in a flourishing and developed society. In 1774, Captain James Cook visited the island and reported around 700 islanders. By 1877, only 111 inhabitants remained. Deforestation, cannibalism, the introduction of the Polynesian rat, warfare, and the slave trade are all possible theories for the dramatic change in fortune; however, anthropological, archaeological, and historical research has yet to uncover the truth.
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Houska Castle and the Gateway to Hell
One of the Czech Republic's best-preserved Gothic castles, Houska Castle stands on a clifftop surrounded by dense forests about 40 miles north of Prague. Built in the 13th century by Bohemian King Ottokar II, the castle subsequently passed between the hands of several aristocratic families. While it appears like a noble mansion from the outside, the structure has a number of peculiarities that have inspired spine-tingling folklore. It has fake windows, no water supply, no fortifications, and is far removed from any notable trade routes. It also had no known occupants at the time of completion. So why make the effort to erect a castle that serves no obvious purpose?
According to historians, Houska Castle was built by Ottokar II as an administrative center, yet local villagers might tell you otherwise. As the legend goes, the castle was instead built to trap demons, and it stands over a hole that is believed to be the gateway to hell — so deep that it's impossible to see the bottom. During construction, prisoners were offered pardons if they consented to being lowered to the bottom to document their findings. Reports of half-human, half-animal creatures climbing out of the hole were common, as were black-winged beasts that dragged people into the abyss. Consequently, the castle chapel was built to cover the supposed demonic gateway and prevent evil from escaping. This, however, hasn't stopped claims of screams and scratching claws coming from the castle floors — making the site one of the most haunted places in Europe.
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Australia's Morning Glory Cloud
Located along the Gulf of Carpentaria in a remote corner of North Queensland is the outback town of Burketown, Australia. For much of the year, this coastal settlement of just a few hundred residents is visited by anglers in search of Australian barramundi (also known as Asian sea bass). That changes in September and October, when crowds gather instead to witness a spectacular meteorological phenomenon called the Morning Glory Cloud. It's a wavy and snake-like roll cloud that can reach heights of up to 1.2 miles and stretch over 600 miles long. Meteorologists have studied this mystical atmospheric wave extensively, but still aren't exactly sure what causes it — or why it's only regularly observed in this remote stretch of Australia. One possible explanation is that it occurs when a humid easterly front of the Coral Sea converges with a warm westerly front from the Gulf of Carpentaria. It can take the form of a single cloud or appear as up to 10 individual clouds passing eerily above the skies of Burketown.
The Indigenous Gangalidda Garawa peoples call the cloud Mabuntha Yipipee and believe that it was created by Walalu, the aboriginal Rainbow Serpent. Daredevil pilots from the region also worship the cloud and take to the skies to ride the wave when it comes around. They gather at the Burketown Pub in the hope of seeing the bizarre signs that signal the cloud is on its way — the pub's fridges reportedly frost over and the table corners curl upwards. Whatever explanation they believe, the cloud attracts thrill-seekers who can see it from above: A local aviation company offers cloud flights and the chance to ride the wave on a hang-glider.
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Mallory and Irvine's Everest Ascent
In May 1953, New Zealand mountaineer Edmund Hillary and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the top of Mount Everest. Their groundbreaking climb to the 29,035-foot summit made them the first people to officially stand atop the world's tallest mountain. Rewind to 1924, however, and the fatal expedition of British climbers George Mallory and Andrew Irvine leaves open the question of the date of the first Everest ascent. Mallory and Irvine were last sighted by fellow climber Noel Odell on June 8, 1924 at the Second Step, just 820 vertical feet from the summit. About an hour later, an intense snow squall obscured Odell's view, and the mountaineers were tragically never seen alive again. Did they make it to the top? Why did they vanish without trace? How did they scale the infamous Second Step, which wasn't officially climbed until 1960 with far more advanced equipment?
A breakthrough in this Everest mystery was the discovery of Mallory's body in 1999 during an expedition to search for the missing mountaineers. The corpse showed signs of injuries from a fall that would have left him unable to continue on foot. His rib cage was compressed by a rope, thus suggesting that Mallory and Irvine were attached at the time of the fall. Gone from the body was a photo of Mallory's wife, Ruth Dixon Turner, that he had promised to leave at the summit. Despite rumored sightings, Irvine's body is yet to be found. Also missing are two Kodak Vest Pocket cameras owned by Mallory and Irvine. If discovered, the cameras could once and for all confirm what the mountaineering world has waited almost a century to know.
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The Disappearance of Amelia Earhart
On May 20, 1932, Amelia Earhart took off from Harbour Grace, Newfoundland, in her Lockheed Vega 5B aircraft and flew for almost 15 hours to Derry, Northern Ireland. In doing so, she became the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. Almost three years later, she was the first to fly solo from Honolulu, Hawaii, to Oakland, California. Fueled by her success, Earhart began making preparations to circumnavigate the globe — what was supposed to be a 29,000-mile world record. Following a failed first attempt, Earhart and her navigator Fred Noonan departed from Miami on June 1, 1937. On June 29, they landed in Lae, New Guinea, after flying almost 22,000 miles. They took off from Lea three days later on the first leg of the 7,000-mile journey across the Pacific to the U.S., but Earhart and Noonan tragically disappeared en route to Howland Island.
Despite extensive search parties and millions of dollars in funding, the Lockheed Elektra wreckage has never been found. The most likely explanation is that extreme weather conditions and a lack of fuel forced the plane to crash-land and sink in the Pacific. However, conspiracy theories abound — some say Earhart was taken hostage by the Japanese, while others believe she worked as a spy for President Roosevelt and later returned to the U.S. under an alias. In 1991, an aluminum map case thought to be debris from the aircraft washed up on Nikumaroro, an atoll of the tiny South Pacific island nation of Kiribati. Could Earhart and Noonan have perished on the uninhabited island after living as castaways? The lack of any real evidence only adds to the mysterious legacy of one of the world's greatest aviators.
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Thanks to Carl
https://www.americanthinker.com/articles/2023/10/13_basic_facts_to_defend_israel.html
October 13, 2023
13 Basic Facts to Defend Israel
By Seth Grossman
During the past week, I found that even most well informed Americans know very little about the causes of the war between Jews and Arabs in Israel. Here is a summary of 13 basic facts I think every American should know:
I. Until 1964, the word "Palestinian" rarely described Arabs who once lived in Israel. That was when KGB Agents of Communist Russia created and funded a terrorist group called the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Its leader, Yasser Arafat, was born and raised in Egypt. The PLO was as artificial as other effective and deadly groups communists used during the Cold War to take over Algeria, South Africa, Kenya, Vietnam, and Cuba. During this time, the KGB even gave money, weapons, and training to the IRA in Ireland.
II. "Palestine" was never an Arab nation. Until the Roman Empire crushed a Jewish revolt there in the year 132, the land was known as Israel, Judah, or Judea. The Romans renamed the province Palestine to punish the Jews. The Arabs and the Turks kept that name when they conquered and occupied the province. However, they ruled it from distant Mecca, Medina, Baghdad, or Istanbul.
III. Israel or Palestine was ruined and mostly empty after the Jewish revolt. The Arabs and Turks did little to rebuild its cities or irrigation canals. The goats and camels of Arab nomads or Bedouins stripped the land of trees, vegetation, and topsoil. Once rich farmland became malaria-infested swamp or dry wilderness. Less than 10% of the previous population remained. Many were Jews.
IV. Starting in the mid-1800s, Jews from Europe and elsewhere in the Middle East began moving back. They bought land from Arab and Turkish absentee owners who had no interest in living there. For the next 90 years, Jews rebuilt cities, roads, and irrigation canals. They drained swamps, watered deserts, and planted trees and crops. As Jews made the land prosperous again, thousands of Arabs from Egypt, Syria, and other nearby countries moved there.
V. After World War One, the British and French carved new nations out of the defeated Ottoman Empire. In 1920, they created Lebanon for persecuted Christians. In 1921, they divided the Turkish province of Palestine. Eastern or "Transjordan" Palestine became an Arab kingdom. Palestine west of the Jordan River was set aside for settlement by Jews. More Jews bought empty land and moved there. Their prosperity encouraged more Arabs to move there. By 1948, there were roughly one million Arabs, 600,000 Jews, and 160,000 Christians and Druze living in that part of Palestine.
VI. In 1947, the British granted independence to India. British India was mostly Hindu but had a large Muslim minority. To avoid conflict, the British allowed regions with Muslim majorities to form the new Muslim-majority nation of Pakistan, which included what is now Bangladesh. Millions of Hindus and Buddhists in Muslim Pakistan and Bangladesh moved to India. Millions of Muslims in Hindu India moved to Pakistan and Bangladesh. Everybody who moved permanently settled in his new country. There were no refugees or refugee camps. Nobody claimed a "right of return."
VII. In 1948, the United Nations equally divided the "Jewish National Home" part of Palestine between Jews and Arabs. The Jews accepted what they were given as their State of Israel. The Arabs in Palestine rejected statehood. They instead invaded Israel with the help of armies from five neighboring Arab countries. After a year of bitter fighting, Jews had control of roughly three fourths of western Palestine. In 1949, all parties agreed to a ceasefire. The lines where the fighting stopped became the "Green Line" borders of Israel.
VIII. During and after that 1948 war, there was a population transfer for Israel like that of India. Roughly 700,000 Arabs moved from mostly Jewish Israel to Arab parts of Palestine and other Arab countries. Roughly 700,000 Jews left Arab Palestine and other Arab countries and moved to Jewish Israel.
IX. The original 1948 "partition" boundaries between Jews and Arabs could work only if there were peace and cooperation between the two. When the Arabs chose war, Jews needed a nation with "defensible borders." In 1939, Germany invaded and easily defeated Poland and Czechoslovakia. That was partly because those nations' borders were almost impossible to defend. When Germany was defeated, the United Nations took land from Germany so both Poland and Czechoslovakia had "defensible borders." The Germans who lived there had to move to a smaller Germany. That was the price for invading neighbors.
X. The war in Gaza is part of a global war between an alliance of militant Islam and communists on one side, and Judeo-Christian Western civilization on the other.
XI. Islam began as an aggressive warrior religion 1,400 years ago. In just 50 years, Mohammed and his followers destroyed and occupied the powerful Persian Empire. They also occupied most of the Greek Byzantine Empire. Then they took North Africa and Spain away from what was left of the Roman Empire. The Koran, the holy book of Islam, has many contradictions and is difficult to understand. However, it clearly declares that Mohammed was God's final prophet and that his words (hadith) and deeds (sunna) must be followed. Many Muslim scholars teach that Mohammed allowed peace and respect for non-believers. However, three influential sects do not. They are the Wahhabis of Saudi Arabia, the Deoband school in India that inspired the Taliban, and the ayatollahs of Iran. Followers of those three branches are behind most attacks and murders of Jews, Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists today. We need an information campaign to push back against them.
XII. Communists worked closely with militant Muslims for many years. At first, this seems odd. Militant Islam seems opposed to the political and economic theories of Karl Marx. However, most communists gave up those theories soon after Vladimir Lenin took control of Russia in 1918. Lenin and his followers quickly saw that Marxism was unpopular and didn't work. They replaced it with Marxist-Leninism. This was faith only in an elite "revolutionary vanguard" that had to keep and expand its power "by any means necessary." This included propaganda, bribes, bullying, political manipulation, and arresting and murdering opponents. In 1919, Lenin formed the Communist International to expand his power worldwide. In 1920, he invited and recruited radical Islamists to a congress in Baku. That was featured in the 1981 Hollywood movie Reds, starring Warren Beatty. We need to again recognize and fight the evil of communists.
XIII. Finally, Israel, America, and the West all made many strategic and tactical military mistakes during the past 40 years. However, our moral sins are more troubling. We abandoned and betrayed countless friends who tried to help us. They included most of the people in Iran who love both America and Israel. They included pro-American Shias in Iraq like Ayatollah Sayyid Abdul Majid Al-Khoei, who was murdered in 2003. Israel also shamefully abandoned and betrayed its friends and allies. They include its Christian and Shia allies in Lebanon and thousands of Arabs in Gaza who risked their lives to warn Jews of planned attacks. We must quickly repent and change our ways.
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Why Are We So Scared of Friday the 13th?
From the Knights Templar to Norse mythology, here's how fear of the spooky date crept into popular culture
Kat Eschner, Updated by Sonja Anderson
Updated: October 11, 2023 | Originally Published: October 13, 2017
Another supposedly unlucky thing: black cats.
Americans have long harbored suspicion of the number 13. Some buildings "lack" a 13th floor—as in, they have one, but it's sneakily mislabeled in the elevator—and numerous airlines omit a 13th row in their planes. Fear of the number 13 is so prevalent that it has a scientific name: triskaidekaphobia. And at some point, this numeral-based uneasiness combined with a day of the week to create a new object of superstition: Friday the 13th.
In recent years, the date and its eerie reputation have pervaded popular culture. "Fear of Friday the 13th has spawned a horror movie franchise, its own hard-to-pronounce term … and a tradition of widespread paranoia when it rolls around each year," wrote Time's Melissa Chan in 2016. Fittingly, this superstition has mysterious origins. Here are some historic reasons for the day's spooky reputation.
The bad baker's dozen
The number 12 is a recurring motif in Western traditions. Our clocks have 12 hours, our years have 12 months, our feet span 12 inches and our Christmases last 12 days. Mathematically, 12 is one of the two "sublime numbers." As the standard "dozen," it also governs batches of muffins and cartons of eggs. Its neighbor, 13, primarily strikes us as odd because it lands just outside of our familiar mark.
In history and lore, 12-person feasts have turned sour with the addition of a 13th guest. An old Norse myth, for example, tells the story of a dinner party in Valhalla, the realm of the gods. As folklore historian Donald Dossey told National Geographic's John Roach in 2011, a dozen gods were eating together when an uninvited 13th guest arrived: Loki, the trickster. He used the venue to get up to his usual mischief, encouraging Hodor, the blind god of darkness, to shoot an arrow through Balder, god of joy. "Balder died, and the whole Earth got dark," Dossey said. "It was a bad, unlucky day."
A similar story appears in Christianity, at the famed Last Supper of Jesus Christ. That meal also featured 12 diners, until a last 13th guest arrived. It was Judas Iscariot, the archetypal traitor, who soon betrayed Jesus to the Romans.
Over the centuries, references to the number 13 slipped into popular culture. By the late 1800s, 13's reputation was so poor that one man decided to start advocating for it.
The vilified number had appeared throughout Captain William Fowler's life. He attended Public School Number 13 in Manhattan, belonged to 13 organizations, built 13 New York buildings, fought in 13 Civil War battles and performed several significant life events on the 13th day of the month. Proud to champion the widely disliked number, Fowler decided to start an anti-suspicion club in its honor. He held the Thirteen Club's first dinner on Friday, January 13, 1882.
The group would go on to gain numerous high-profile members, including four U.S. presidents: Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison and Theodore Roosevelt. On the club's first anniversary, a scribe gaily reported, "Out of the entire roll of membership … whether they have participated or not at the banquet table, NOT A SINGLE MEMBER IS DEAD, or has even had a serious illness."
Thirteen's reputation can't take all the credit for triskaidekaphobia. Though most people around the world regard Friday positively—as the week's last workday or part of the weekend—it, too, has some ominous associations. After all, it was on a Friday, after Judas took the Last Supper's 13th seat, that Jesus was crucified.
Keeping with the biblical theme, the Book of Genesis contains other fateful Friday events. Eve supposedly gave Adam an apple from the Tree of Knowledge on a Friday, reports History.com, and Abel killed Cain on that same weekday.
"Cain Killing Abel," attributed to Francesco Maffei Honolulu Museum of Art via Wikimedia
References to Friday's unluckiness pop up as far back as the 14th century, in Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, though without much explanation: "And on a Friday fell all this mischance," the poet and author wrote.
A star-crossed union: Friday and 13 come together
At some point, the sinister connotations of Friday and 13 united to produce the day we know and love to hate. Negative historical associations with Friday the 13th are sparse, but one significant group, today beloved by conspiracy theorists, did contribute to the legend of this unusually dark date.
The Knights Templar were a military order of medieval Christians. Author Dan Brown brought renewed attention to their story with his 2003 novel, The Da Vinci Code.
The order's demise began on Friday, October 13, 1307, when some of its members were arrested after France's Philip IV accused them of heresy. (Really, the knights just had money and power, and the king didn't like that.) Over the coming days and weeks, many of the Templars were imprisoned, sparsely fed and brutally tortured. As historian Dan Jones writes in The Templars: The Rise and Spectacular Fall of the Knights Templar, methods of torment included shoulder dislocation, stretching on the rack, confinement to tiny pits and burning. Hundreds of Templars made false confessions.
Burning of Knights Templar
Friday and 13 were definitively linked in superstition by the early 1900s, when a novel titled (you guessed it) Friday the 13th debuted, noted Becky Little for National Geographic in 2016. Written by financier Thomas William Lawson, the 1907 book follows a stockbroker who incites a profit-making Wall Street panic on the day in question. The novel opens with the words "Friday, the 13th; I thought as much. … There will be hell, but I will see what I can do."
One of the 20th century's most influential musicians, Austrian-American composer Arnold Schoenberg, had a special relationship with the date. Born on September 13, 1874, he spent his life in fear of the number 13, suffering "horrendous panic attacks" due to triskaidekaphobia, writes humorist Cynthia Ceilan in Thinning the Herd: Tales of the Weirdly Departed. Known for his 12-tone compositions, Schoenberg even skipped 13 when labeling measures, opting instead for "12a" between 12 and 14. It seems a cruel twist of fate, then, that he died at the age of 76, a number whose digits add up to 13, on Friday, July 13, 1951.
More recently, the infamous date was immortalized in the horror universe in 1980, when a movie called Friday the 13th arrived in theaters. It spawned one of the most successful scary movie franchises in cinema history, currently totaling 12 films.
The original is set at a summer camp on Crystal Lake, where a boy named Jason Voorhees drowned 20 years earlier. A group of camp counselors, including a young Kevin Bacon, arrive to prepare the site for its reopening. But one Friday the 13th—Jason's birthday—nearly all of them are murdered. The film's working title was A Long Night at Camp Blood, but director Sean S. Cunningham nixed it in favor of the snappy, familiar day of darkness. His movie gave rise to popular culture's most vivid spooky associations with Friday the 13th, as the ¬date thereafter recalled murder, gore and hockey-masked killers.
All in all, Friday the 13th's spooky reputation has been woven together from stray strands of history and religion. No statistics suggest it harbors more misfortune than other dates. But that hasn't stopped plenty of people from being consumed by triskaidekaphobia, particularly as the date—which falls on a Friday during the month of Halloween this year—draws ever closer
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This Day in U S Military History
13 October
1775 – Navy Founded. The Continental Congress voted to fit out two sailing vessels, armed with ten carriage guns, as well as swivel guns, and manned by crews of eighty, and to send them out on a cruise of three months to intercept transports carrying munitions and stores to the British army in America. This was the original legislation out of which the Continental Navy grew and as such constitutes the birth certificate of the navy. To understand the momentous significance of the decision to send two armed vessels to sea under the authority of the Continental Congress, we need to review the strategic situation in which it was made and to consider the political struggle that lay behind it. Americans first took up arms in the spring of 1775 not to sever their relationship with the king, but to defend their rights within the British Empire. By the autumn of 1775, the British North American colonies from Maine to Georgia were in open rebellion. Royal governments had been thrust out of many colonial capitals and revolutionary governments put in their places. The Continental Congress had assumed some of the responsibilities of a central government for the colonies, created a Continental Army, issued paper money for the support of the troops, and formed a committee to negotiate with foreign countries. Continental forces captured Fort Ticonderoga on Lake Champlain and launched an invasion of Canada. In October 1775 the British held superiority at sea, from which they threatened to stop up the colonies' trade and to wreak destruction on seaside settlements. In response a few of the states had commissioned small fleets of their own for defense of local waters. Congress had not yet authorized privateering. Some in Congress worried about pushing the armed struggle too far, hoping that reconciliation with the mother country was still possible. Yet, a small coterie of men in Congress had been advocating a Continental Navy from the outset of armed hostilities. Foremost among these men was John Adams, of Massachusetts. For months, he and a few others had been agitating in Congress for the establishment of an American fleet. They argued that a fleet would defend the seacoast towns, protect vital trade, retaliate against British raiders, and make it possible to seek out among neutral nations of the world the arms and stores that would make resistance possible. Still, the establishment of a navy seemed too bold a move for some of the timid men in Congress. Some southerners agreed that a fleet would protect and secure the trade of New England but denied that it would that of the southern colonies. Most of the delegates did not consider the break with England as final and feared that a navy implied sovereignty and independence. Others thought a navy a hasty and foolish challenge to the mightiest fleet the world had seen. The most the pro-navy men could do was to get Congress to urge each colony to fit out armed vessels for the protection of their coasts and harbors. Then, on 3 October, Rhode Island's delegates laid before Congress a bold resolution for the building and equipping of an American fleet, as soon as possible. When the motion came to the floor for debate, Samuel Chase, of Maryland, attacked it, saying it was "the maddest Idea in the World to think of building an American Fleet." Even pro-navy members found the proposal too vague. It lacked specifics and no one could tell how much it would cost. If Congress was yet unwilling to embrace the idea of establishing a navy as a permanent measure, it could be tempted by short-term opportunities. Fortuitously, on 5 October, Congress received intelligence of two English brigs, unarmed and without convoy, laden with munitions, leaving England bound for Quebec. Congress immediately appointed a committee to consider how to take advantage of this opportunity. Its members were all New Englanders and all ardent supporters of a navy. They recommended first that the governments of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut be asked to dispatch armed vessels to lay in wait to intercept the munitions ships; next they outlined a plan for the equipping by Congress of two armed vessels to cruise to the eastward to intercept any ships bearing supplies to the British army. Congress let this plan lie on the table until 13 October, when another fortuitous event occurred in favor of the naval movement. A letter from General Washington was read in Congress in which he reported that he had taken under his command, at Continental expense, three schooners to cruise off Massachusetts to intercept enemy supply ships. The commander in chief had preempted members of Congress reluctant to take the first step of fitting out warships under Continental authority. Since they already had armed vessels cruising in their name, it was not such a big step to approve two more. The committee's proposal, now appearing eminently reasonable to the reluctant members, was adopted. The Continental Navy grew into an important force. Within a few days, Congress established a Naval Committee charged with equipping a fleet. This committee directed the purchasing, outfitting, manning, and operations of the first ships of the new navy, drafted subsequent naval legislation, and prepared rules and regulations to govern the Continental Navy's conduct and internal administration. Over the course of the War of Independence, the Continental Navy sent to sea more than fifty armed vessels of various types. The navy's squadrons and cruisers seized enemy supplies and carried correspondence and diplomats to Europe, returning with needed munitions. They took nearly 200 British vessels as prizes, some off the British Isles themselves, contributing to the demoralization of the enemy and forcing the British to divert warships to protect convoys and trade routes. In addition, the navy provoked diplomatic crises that helped bring France into the war against Great Britain. The Continental Navy began the proud tradition carried on today by our United States Navy, and whose birthday we celebrate each year in October.
1942 – In the first of four attacks, two Japanese battleships sail down the slot and shelled Henderson field on Guadalcanal, in an unsuccessful effort to destroy the American Cactus Air Force. The bombers based there have become too effective and the Japanese dispatch the battleships Konga and Haruna to bombard the field. About 50 aircraft are destroyed in the attacks, more than half the field's complement.
1951 – Hill 851, the last peak comprising Heartbreak Ridge, was secured by the 23rd Regimental Combat Team of the 2nd Infantry Division after a fierce assault of bayonets, grenades and flame-throwers. Total allied casualties were over 3,700, more than 1,800 suffered by the 23rd Infantry RCT alone. Total enemy casualties were estimated 25,000. A total of 6,060 prisoners were taken.
1952 – In preparation for the Kojo amphibious demonstration, FEAF and USN aircraft hit enemy positions around Kojo, and USN surface craft shelled the beach area. After a respite of almost a year, the enemy, using small fabric-covered biplanes, hassled Cho-do and the Seoul area with "Bedcheck Charlie" raids.
2012 – Residents of Los Angeles watch in awe as U.S. Space Shuttle Endeavour inches through the city on a giant trolley, bound for a museum. Hundreds of trees in its path are chopped down
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
13 October
HYMER, SAMUEL
Rank and organization: Captain, Company D, 115th Illinois Infantry. Place and date: At Buzzard's Roost Gap, Ga., 13 October 1864. Entered service at: Rushville, Schuyler County, Ill. Born: 17 May 1829, Harrison County, Ind. Date of issue: 28 March 1896. Citation: With only 41 men under his command, defended and held a blockhouse against the attack of Hood's Division for nearly 10 hours, thus checking the advance of the enemy and insuring the safety of the balance of the regiment, as well as that of the 8th Kentucky Infantry, then stationed at Ringgold, Ga.
BURT, JAMES M.
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Army, Company B, 66th Armored Regiment, 2d Armored Division. Place and date: Near Wurselen, Germany, 13 October 1944. Entered service at: Lee, Mass. Birth: Hinsdale, Mass. G.O. No.: 95, 30 October 1945. Citation: Capt. James M. Burt was in command of Company B, 66th Armored Regiment on the western outskirts of Wurselen, Germany, on 13 October 1944, when his organization participated in a coordinated infantry-tank attack destined to isolate the large German garrison which was tenaciously defending the city of Aachen. In the first day's action, when infantrymen ran into murderous small-arms and mortar fire, Capt. Burt dismounted from his tank about 200 yards to the rear and moved forward on foot beyond the infantry positions, where, as the enemy concentrated a tremendous volume of fire upon him, he calmly motioned his tanks into good firing positions. As our attack gained momentum, he climbed aboard his tank and directed the action from the rear deck, exposed to hostile volleys which finally wounded him painfully in the face and neck. He maintained his dangerous post despite pointblank self-propelled gunfire until friendly artillery knocked out these enemy weapons, and then proceeded to the advanced infantry scouts' positions to deploy his tanks for the defense of the gains which had been made. The next day, when the enemy counterattacked, he left cover and went 75 yards through heavy fire to assist the infantry battalion commander who was seriously wounded. For the next 8 days, through rainy, miserable weather and under constant, heavy shelling, Capt. Burt held the combined forces together, dominating and controlling the critical situation through the sheer force of his heroic example. To direct artillery fire, on 15 October, he took his tank 300 yards into the enemy lines, where he dismounted and remained for 1 hour giving accurate data to friendly gunners. Twice more that day he went into enemy territory under deadly fire on reconnaissance. In succeeding days he never faltered in his determination to defeat the strong German forces opposing him. Twice the tank in which he was riding was knocked out by enemy action, and each time he climbed aboard another vehicle and continued the fight. He took great risks to rescue wounded comrades and inflicted prodigious destruction on enemy personnel and materiel even though suffering from the wounds he received in the battle's opening phase. Capt. Burt's intrepidity and disregard of personal safety were so complete that his own men and the infantry who attached themselves to him were inspired to overcome the wretched and extremely hazardous conditions which accompanied one of the most bitter local actions of the war. The victory achieved closed the Aachen gap.
*OLSON, ARLO L.
Rank and organization: Captain, U.S. Army, 1 5th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division. Place and date: Crossing of the Volturno River, Italy, 13 October 1943. Entered service at: Toronto, S. Dak. Birth: Greenville, lowa. G.O. No.: 71, 31 August 1944. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 13 October 1943, when the drive across the Volturno River began, Capt. Olson and his company spearheaded the advance of the regiment through 30 miles of mountainous enemy territory in 13 days. Placing himself at the head of his men, Capt. Olson waded into the chest-deep water of the raging Volturno River and despite pointblank machine-gun fire aimed directly at him made his way to the opposite bank and threw 2 handgrenades into the gun position, killing the crew. When an enemy machinegun 150 yards distant opened fire on his company, Capt. Olson advanced upon the position in a slow, deliberate walk. Although 5 German soldiers threw handgrenades at him from a range of 5 yards, Capt. Olson dispatched them all, picked up a machine pistol and continued toward the enemy. Advancing to within 15 yards of the position he shot it out with the foe, killing 9 and seizing the post. Throughout the next 13 days Capt. Olson led combat patrols, acted as company No. 1 scout and maintained unbroken contact with the enemy. On 27 October 1943, Capt. Olson conducted a platoon in attack on a strongpoint, crawling to within 25 yards of the enemy and then charging the position. Despite continuous machinegun fire which barely missed him, Capt. Olson made his way to the gun and killed the crew with his pistol. When the men saw their leader make this desperate attack they followed him and overran the position. Continuing the advance, Capt. Olson led his company to the next objective at the summit of Monte San Nicola. Although the company to his right was forced to take cover from the furious automatic and small arms fire, which was directed upon him and his men with equal intensity, Capt. Olson waved his company into a skirmish line and despite the fire of a machinegun which singled him out as its sole target led the assault which drove the enemy away. While making a reconnaissance for defensive positions, Capt. Olson was fatally wounded. Ignoring his severe pain, this intrepid officer completed his reconnaissance, Supervised the location of his men in the best defense positions, refused medical aid until all of his men had been cared for, and died as he was being carried down the mountain.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for October 13, 2020 FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
13 October
1905: The Aero Club of America (later National Aeronautic Association) formed by the men who set up the Automobile Club of America. The Federation Aeronautique Internationale, an international body for certifying air records, formed in Paris a day earlier. (8: Oct 90)
1915: William B. Thompson, Harry Payne Whitney, and T. Frank Manville purchased the Wright Company from Orville Wright. (24)
1922: Lt T. J. Koenig won the Liberty Engine Builder"s Trophy Race in a Lepere-Liberty 400 with a speed of 128.8 MPH over a 257.7-mile course at the National Airplane races at Selfridge Field. (24)
1939: Evelyn Pinckert Kilgore of San Bernardino, Calif., became the first woman to receive an airplane instructor's license under the Civil Air Authority. (20) (24)
1952: KOREAN WAR. In preparation for the Kojo amphibious demonstration, Far East Air Forces and US Navy aircraft hit enemy positions around Kojo, and US Navy surface craft shelled the beach area. After a respite of almost a year, the enemy, using small fabric-covered biplanes, hassled Cho-do and the Seoul area with "Bedcheck Charlie" raids. (28) SAC submitted a requirement for an air-launched decoy missile to defeat an enemy's radar defenses. This action led to the development of the GAM-72A Quail missile. (6)
1959: Explorer VII, a US Army satellite launched by a Juno II rocket from Cape Canaveral, entered an orbit expected to give it a life of 20 years. (24) A B-47 shot the last of 12 Bold Orion air launched ballistic missiles 1,000 miles down the Atlantic Missile Range. This ended the demonstration program for the system that became the Skybolt. (6)
1960: Near Ascension Island, three black mice (Sally, Amy, and Moe) were recovered in good condition after surviving a 5,000-mile flight in a nosecone of an Atlas booster launched from Cape Canaveral. They reached 650 miles in altitude and 17,000 MPH. (24)
1961: Discoverer XXXII, a satellite to study space radiation, launched from Vandenberg AFB into a polar orbit. The Air Force successfully recovered its capsule in the air on 14 October after the eleventh orbit. The Thor booster fired successfully for the 100th time in this launching. (24)
1967: President Johnson presented the Harmon International Aviation Trophy to Astronauts James A. Lovell, Jr. (USN), Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. and Alvin S. White, former NAA test pilot. Lovell and Aldrin received the award for the successful Gemini XII mission on 11-15 November 1965 during which Aldrin spent 5 hours 28 minutes outside the spacecraft. White received his award for a Mach 3 flight in the XB-70. (5) (16)
1968: The last HU-16B Albatross amphibians in PACAF left Naha AB, leaving search and rescue units with no long-range capability. Replacement HH-3E rescue helicopters arrived at Naha in December. (17)
1970: Training started for 203 airmen to serve as air marshals on US commercial aircraft. (16)
1972: MACKAY TROPHY. An F-4 weapon system officer, Capt Jeffrey S. Feinstein, shot down his fifth MiG-21 to become the third and final ace of the Vietnam War. For this feat, Feinstein shared the 1972 Mackay Trophy with Captains Richard S. "Steve" Ritchie and Charles B. DeBellevue. (21) (26)
1984: President Reagan signed an executive order that created a National Commission on Space to prepare a 20-year agenda for a civilian space program. (AFNEWS, 19 Sep 97)
1999: The USAF terminated its Enhanced Flying Screening Program for new pilots and ended its use of the T-3A Firefly. At this time, there were 110 T-3As in the USAF inventory. (AFNEWS Article 991881, 13 Oct 99). The X-43A, a Hypersonic Flight Research Vehicle and the world's first hypersonic air-breathing free-flight vehicle, arrived at Edwards AFB for testing by NASA's Dryden Flight Research Center. The X-43 involved Supersonic Combustible Ramjet, or "Scramjet," technology. A successful flight in 2001 would make it the first vehicle with a non-rocket engine to fly at hypersonic speeds. NASA planned three test flights, two at Mach 7 and one at Mach 10, over the Western Test Range off the coast of southern California. Micro Craft, Inc., of Tullahoma, Tenn., built the 12-foot-long, unpiloted vehicle for NASA's Hyper-X program. (AFNEWS Article 992034, 5 Nov 99)
2000: ATTACK ON THE USS COLE. On 12 October, a bomb-laden terrorist boat exploded against the port side of the destroyer USS Cole in the port of Aden, Yemen, killing 17 sailors. On 13 October, a C-17 aircrew from the 315 AW (Associate), Charleston AFB flew the remains of 5 sailors from Aden to Ramstein AB and then to the DoD's port mortuary at Dover AFB. On 14 October, another C-17 aircrew from Charleston took the remains of eight more sailors to Dover, while a C-141 brought the final four remains there on 22 October. (22) The F-22 No. 1 completed its final test flight at Edwards AFB. On 1 November, the USAF transferred it to Wright-Patterson AFB to become a live-fire testbed aircraft. (3)
2006: After graduating its last class of F-117A Nighthawk pilots, the 49 FW closed its formal training school at Holloman AFB. The action signaled the beginning of the F-117's phase out from the active USAF aircraft inventory. (USAF Aimpoints, "F-117 Pilot School Closes," 26 Oct 2006)
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