To All,
Good Thursday Morning August 1. I hope that your week has been going well.
Tomorrow is a Bubba Breakfast Friday in San Diego. I hope to see many of you there.
Regards,
Skip
Warm Regards,
skip
HAGD
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/. Go here to see the director's corner for all 83 H-Grams
This Day in Navy and Marine Corps History:
This Day in Navy and Marine Corps History:
August 1
1801 The schooner, USS Enterprise, commanded by Lt. Andrew Sterett, encounters the Barbary corsair, Tripoli, west of Malta. After a three-hour battle, USS Enterprise broadsides the vessel, forcing Tripolis surrender.
1849 - Pope Pius IX and King Ferdinand of the Two Sicilies, briefly visit USS Constitution and marks the first time that a Roman Catholic pope steps foot on American territory.
1921 A high-altitude bombsight, mounted on a gyroscopically stabilized base was successfully tested at Torpedo Station, Yorktown, Va. This test was the first phase of Carl L. Nordens development of an effective high-altitude bombsight, which became known as the Norden Bombsight.
1944 PBY aircraft attacked Japanese convoy, sink ammunition ship, Seia Maru, in Taliaboe Bay, Soela Island. Also on this date, USS Puffer (SS 268) damages Japanese oiler, Sunosaki, northeast of Borneo.
1946 President Harry S. Truman approves legislation establishing the Office of Naval Research (ONR), charging ONR to "...plan, foster and encourage scientific research in recognition of its paramount importance as related to the maintenance of future naval power, and the preservation of national security..."
1952 During the Korean War, USS Carmick (DMS 33) is fired on by enemy shore guns in the vicinity of Songjin lighthouse. Returning fire, Carmicks battery fire silences the guns.
1961 Adm. George W. Anderson, Jr., takes office as the 16th Chief of Naval Operations, serving until Aug. 1, 1963. During Adm. Anderson's tenure as CNO, he oversaw the U.S. Navy's quarantine of Cuba, thus enabling the Kennedy administration to compel the Soviet Union to remove its nuclear weapons from the island.
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This day in World History
1464 Piero de Medici succeeds his father, Cosimo, as ruler of Florence.
1664 The Turkish army is defeated by French and German troops at St. Gotthard, Hungary.
1689 James II's siege of Londonderry, Ireland, ends in failure. James' force had suffered some 8,000 casualties to the defenders' 3,600.
1740 Thomas Arne's song "Rule Britannia" is performed for the first time.
1759 British and Hanoverian armies defeat the French at the Battle of Minden, Germany.
1791 Robert Carter III, a Virginia plantation owner, frees all 500 of his slaves in the largest private emancipation in U.S. history. An 1839 mutiny aboard a Spanish ship in Cuban waters raised basic questions about freedom and slavery in the United States.
1798 Admiral Horatio Nelson routs the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile at Aboukir Bay, Egypt.
1801 The American schooner Enterprise captures the Barbary cruiser Tripoli. Often venturing into harm's way, America's most famous sailing ship, the Constitution, twice came close to oblivion.
1834 Slavery is abolished throughout the British Empire.
1864 Union General Ulysses S. Grant gives general Philip H. Sheridan the mission of clearing the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces. After nearly 10 months of trench warfare, Confederate resistance at Petersburg, Virginia, suddenly collapsed.
1872 The first long-distance gas pipeline in the U.S. is completed. Designed for natural gas, the two-inch pipe ran five miles from Newton Wells to Titusville, Pennsylvania.
1873 San Francisco's first cable cars begin running, operated by Hallidie's Clay Street Hill Railroad Company.
1880 Sir Frederick Roberts frees the British Afghanistan garrison of Kandahar from Afghan rebels.
1893 A machine for making shredded wheat breakfast cereal is patented.
1914 Germany declares war on Russia.
1937 The Buchenwald concentration camp in Germany becomes operational. The Nuremberg Trial would later bring high-ranking Nazis to justice.
1939 Synthetic vitamin K is produced for the first time.
1941 The Grumman TBF Avenger torpedo plane makes its first flight.
1942 Ensign Henry C. White, while flying a J4F Widgeon plane, sinks U-166 as it approaches the Mississippi River, the first U-boat sunk by the U.S. Coast Guard.
1943 Over 177 B-24 Liberator bombers attack the oil fields in Ploesti, Romania, for a second time.
1944 The Polish underground begins an uprising against the occupying German army, as the Red Army approaches Warsaw.
1946 President Harry S Truman establishes the Atomic Energy Commission.
1950 Lead elements of the U.S. 2nd Infantry Division arrive in Korea from the United States.
1954 The Geneva Accords divide Vietnam into two countries at the 17th parallel.
1957 US and Canada create North American Air Defense Command (NORAD).
1960 Singer Chubby Checker releases "The Twist," creating a new dance craze. The song had been released by Hank Ballard and the Midnighters the previous year but got little attention.
1964 Arthur Ashe becomes the first African-American to play on the U.S. Davis Cup tennis team.
1966 Charles Whitman, shooting from the Texas Tower at the University of Texas, kills 16 people and wounds 31 before being killed himself.
1988 Conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh begins his national radio show.
2004 In Asuncion, Paraguay, a fire in the Ycua Bolanos V supermarket complex kills nearly 400 people and injures 500.
2007 The I-35W bridge at Minneapolis, Minnesota, collapses into the Mississippi River during evening rush hour, killing 13 people and injuring 145.
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OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT Thanks to the Bear
Skip… For The List for the week beginning Monday, 29 July 2024 and ending on Sunday, 4 August 2024… Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT (1968-1972)
From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post of 28 July -1969… Includes the details of a relentless effort to find and return the remains of two Navy warriors lost on the battlefield 55-years ago this week. "Leave no man behind," is the goal. In this case, the search goes on. And two families wait, pray and remember…
OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT (1968-1972)
(Please note the eye-watering ongoing revamp of the RTR website by Webmaster/Author Dan Heller, who has inherited the site from originators RADM Bear Taylor, USN, Retired, and Angie Morse, "Mighty Thunder")…
To remind folks that these are from the Vietnam Air Losses site that Micro put together. You click on the url below and can read what happened each day to the aircraft and its crew. .Micro is the one also that goes into the archives and finds these inputs and sends them to me for incorporation in the List. It is a lot of work and our thanks goes out to him for his effort.
From Vietnam Air Losses site for "for 1 August
1-Aug: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=2299
Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
(This site was sent by a friend . The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature. https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
By: Kipp Hanley
AUGUST 15, 2022
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From the archives
The Man Who Rode Thunder
Worth 3 minutes of your time.
An old true happening but maybe you have not heard it before. dj
https://biggeekdad.com/2012/07/the-man-who-rode-thunder/
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From theArchives
Thanks to Bill
Subject: The Naval Aviator Wine Taster
At a wine merchant's warehouse the regular taster died, and the director started looking for a new one to hire. He posted a sign at the entrance to the building... EXPERIENCED WINE TASTER NEEDED -- POSITION STARTS IMMEDIATELY. A retired Navy pilot named "Ace," drunk and with a ragged dirty look and smelling of last night's rounds, strolled by the building and saw the sign. He went into the building to apply for the position. Aghast at his appearance, the director wondered how to send him away but, to be fair, he gave him a glass of wine to taste. The old Navy pilot held the glass up to his left eye, tilted his head toward incoming sunlight and studied the contents looking through the glass. He then took a sip and said, "It's a Southern California Muscat , three years old, grown on a north slope, matured in steel containers. Somewhat low-grade but acceptable.""That's correct," said the boss. Glancing at his assistant he said..."Another one, please."
The old Navy pilot took the goblet, full of a deep red liquid, stuck his nose into the glass, sniffed deeply and took a long slow sip....rolling his eyeballs in a circle, he then looked at the director and said... "It's a Cabernet Sauvignon, eight years old, south-western slope, oak barrels, matured at eight degrees. Requires three more years for the finest results."
"Absolutely correct. A third glass," said the director. Receiving another glass, again, the Navy pilot eyed the crystal, took in a little bit of the aroma and sipped very softly... ''It's a pinot blanc champagne, very high grade and exclusive,'' said the pilot calmly.
The director was astonished and winked at his assistant to suggest something. She left the room and came back in with a wine glass half-full of urine.
The old Navy pilot eyed it suspiciously... a color he could not quite recall . He took a sip, swishing it over his tongue and across his teeth, musing upward all the while.
"It's a blonde, 26 years old, three months pregnant, and if I don't get the job, I'll name the father
NEVER, EVER ... UNDERESTIMATE THE TALENTS OF A NAVY PILOT!
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
The Earth shakes every 26 seconds, and scientists aren't sure why.
Like a lot of strange happenings, it was first noticed in the 1960s: a small seismic pulse, large enough to register on seismological instruments but small enough to go otherwise unnoticed, occurring every 26 seconds. Jack Oliver, a researcher at the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, documented the "microseism" and sussed out that it was emanating from somewhere "in the southern or equatorial Atlantic Ocean." Not until 2005 was it determined that the pulse's true origin was in the Gulf of Guinea, just off Africa's western coast, but to this day, scientists still don't know something just as important — why it's happening in the first place.
The Richter scale has no upper limit.
Not that anyone is in a rush to confirm this theory, but the Richter scale — which measures the size of earthquakes — doesn't max out at 10, 20, or any other number. Thankfully, most earthquakes are so small as to not even register.
There are theories, of course, ranging from volcanic activity to waves, but still no consensus. There does happen to be a volcano on the island of São Tomé in the Gulf of Guinea near the pulse's origin point, not to mention another microseism linked to the volcano Mount Aso in Japan, which has made that particular explanation more popular in recent years. Though there's no way of knowing when (or even if) we'll learn the why of this phenomenon, one thing's for sure: better a microseism than a macroseism.
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Thanks to Rupe
Skip, I was an A-6 pilot during the Vietnam crisis. My first A6 cruse occurred when we took the third new East Coast A6 squadron to load aboard the USS CONSTELLATION in 1966 where we participated with Air Wing FIFTEEN fighting in North and South Vietnam. The ship and squadrons aboard earned well-deserved medals and awards including SECNAV's Navy Unit Commendation Ribbon.
I made three more cruises in A6's finally commanding VA-145 where the squadron participated in the ongoing war with Vietnam. Later, as CO, MIDWAY the on-board A6 Laser Bombing system to the fleet. This allowed the A6 B/N to find a radar target on radar, fire the weapon and guide the bomb to a Bull's Eye strike. So, with the Ship's approval, VA-145 lead a strike on numerous bridges in NVN, all supporting NVN's support of combat actions to the South. After the two A6's in the flight expended their weapons, each joined with separate sections of A-7's loaded with MK83-LGB's for strikes on other bridge targets. The net result of that strike was 14 bridges destroyed.
All the while, the A6's were in the heavily defended best target areas and continued to carry the bombing of the NVN Military as scheduled. My comment about the Vietnam war strikes in The List seems to omit the A6 squadrons and the enormous amount of ordnance accurately delivered to NVN and her defenses.
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Thanks to History Facts
I f you've ever referred to Leonardo da Vinci as simply "da Vinci," you weren't actually using the Renaissance icon's last name. In fact, he didn't even have one in the traditional sense. The painter's full name was Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, meaning "son of ser Piero from Vinci" — Piero being his father's name and Vinci being the village where he was born. (For fictional equivalents, think of Helen of Troy or Anne of Green Gables.) Many other Renaissance artists, including the other three inspirations for the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, are usually known mononymously even if they did have last names: Donatello's full name was Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, Raphael's was Sanzio da Urbino, and Michelangelo's was Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni.
Though best known for works of art such as the "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper," and "Salvator Mundi," Leonardo was also a highly scientific thinker credited with numerous inventions. He designed a flying machine called an ornithopter, an armored fighting vehicle known as Leonardo's tank, and an ideal city that's been hailed for how forward-thinking it was, among many other innovations and ideas. For all that, he was not a prolific creator, and most of his pieces have been lost to time.
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
What Did an English Earl Actually Do?
ANGLO-SAXON EARLS
Even if you're not from the U.K., you're likely familiar with the titles of British nobility from countless movies and TV shows. Known as the peerage system, this noble hierarchy consists of five ranks today: duke, marquess, earl, viscount, and baron. The title of earl — the oldest in the peerage system — dates back to the end of the early medieval period, during the reign of King Canute (or Cnut) in the 11th century. It is equivalent to the rank of count in other European countries and has no feminine form, so a female with this title is known as a countess.
In the peerage system, nobles are often referred to by their titles rather than their surnames. These titles typically correspond to the names of an estate, earldom, or territory associated with the noble family. For example, Richard Neville, known as the "Kingmaker" for his pivotal role in the Wars of the Roses, was best known by his title, the Earl of Warwick.Today, there are around 190 earls in the U.K., but while the title still carries prestige, the role is mostly ceremonial, with few formal responsibilities. Yet during the Middle Ages, earls were powerful leaders who wielded considerable influence over their territory and the kingdom at large. Here are a few of the duties that English earls were once expected to manage.
Earls Governed Large Regions of the Kingdom
During the early medieval period, before the creation of the titles of duke and marquess in 1337 and 1386, respectively, earls were the highest-ranking members of the nobility, second only to the royal family. Earls were appointed by the ruling monarch and were responsible for governing large areas of the kingdom. The lands they oversaw could include several shires (counties), collectively known as a "fief" or "earldom." Earls acted as royal governors, representing the king in their territories. They oversaw their estates, enforced royal laws throughout the earldom, made judgments in county courts, and collected fines and taxes for the crown from the people living on their lands. Earls were entitled to a share of the money they collected on behalf of the crown, so their lands served as a source of great wealth as well as power.After the Norman Conquest in 1099, William the Conqueror began to make changes to the traditional system of nobility. He sought to limit the power of earls by ending their judicial control and tax-collecting responsibilities. They were also restricted to overseeing a single county and many of their former duties were taken over by the county sheriff.
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Early instrument training in the sims and under the bag. I am sure we all have tales of survival and such I had two total in the F-8 and the rat got me nothing. One at night and one in the day time neither was any fun but the training and some good luck saved me. ……skip
Thanks to Capt Billy and YP
Thanx to John Trotti's ODE TO E PLURIBUS UNUM! & Dr. R...
For them have started out in wheezing Link Trainers and then Basic Instruments and then Radio Instruments. Then at night and in all sorts of weather, long before all the autopilots and magic chit. Night time in the fleet was actual instruments. You got good at it or busted your hiney. Those of us that continued into airline pukery did it in spades, but nothing like being ALONE in a single engine single seater in the wx at night.
YP
My Walking Thoughts For Sunday July 28 2024
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Basic Instruments Training in the T-28
Ugh! I thought as I left the ground school classroom heading for the hangar where Navy Lieutenant Winans was waiting to stuff me in the back seat under a hood and see how I reacted to a world without sunlight…a world without a horizon…a world made up in a bunch of silly gauges and dials. Yuch!
I mean real fighter pilots like John Wayne, Robert Mitchum, even James Bond didn't fight with their eyeballs in the cockpit. They flew with them focused on the tips of their thousand mile stares while looking for enemies to slaughter.
Well, if your eyeballs are filled with such scenes of Hollywood hogwash as these, they're as full of hooey as mine were…and as I was about to have driven home to me with Lt. Winans' incessant scolding chant, "scan…scan…keep your eyes moving…scan."
Unlike tales found in the creative press, I found very quickly that I can't multitask and instead was forced to create an iterative discipline called scan where you jump from one gauge to another chasing like a bouncing ball this notional condition of controlled flight.
In the beginning you learn to rely primarily on a wobbling gauge in the middle right of the panel called the attitude gyro that displays to you your aircraft's nose and wing positions relative to an artificial horizon. It's a truly nifty dude that all by itself can pretty much keep you somewhere in the middle of the air. Then if you add the heading indicator, altimeter, rate of climb indicator, airspeed indicator, and needle/ball turn-and-bank gauge, you're ready to boogie in the deepest, darkest clouds that only madmen of yore would have dared intrude.
Ahhh…but about the time you begin to get cocky about your instrument capabilities, some rotten scoundrel like Lt. Winans secretly pulls the circuit breaker on your magic window to the un-tented world and giggles as things begin to go bonkers.
My diabolical instructor lived to insert his skullduggery while I was in the middle of some other maneuver--maybe a climbing turn to a new altitude and heading; perhaps a transition from cruise to the landing configuration--some sort of transition that served to camouflage the loss of my primary reference instrument. Then it was holy moly time with me playing catch up with all the whirling, swirling mayhem that had suddenly enveloped me. I might find, for instance:
• An airspeed indicator that moments before was settled at a sedate 140 knots passing through 200 knots despite my not having done anything with the throttle.
• An altimeter not content to remain at the assigned 9,500 feet, busy unwinding itself through 9,000…no…8300…uhh…6900 feet.
• The rate of climb indicator pinned to the 'heading for the basement' peg.
• The usually placid heading indicator spinning like a top.
• And not to be forgotten, the Turn and Bank indicator—that gauge right in the center of the dash--two-blocked one direction or the other…or perhaps flopping back and forth indicating a spin.
Meanwhile in the midst of all this madness the stately attitude gyro sits there showing wings level, nose at the horizon, taunting me with this fat dumb and happy stillness…and while all this is going on, I get to listen to Lt. Winans screaming on the intercom, "Do something! Do something! Get this bird under control.
So, I set out to work the problem, sorting things out one upset mode at a time.
• Stop the rotation by reference to the turn and bank indicator
• Arrest the climb or descent by reference to the altimeter, rate of climb, and airspeed indicators.
And once some sanity has returned to the situation
• Stabilize things by bringing the altimeter to a halt, then once in control of breathing and bladder, figure out what to do next.
• Later in the solitude of my room, I promise myself—not to become complacent or fixated on one instrument…ever…ever again.
Right.
***
In all my flying I have lost the attitude gyro only twice…both times in the A-4B Skyhawk, both times because of generator icing in moist high-altitude air. In these situations, both birds lost all electrical power, meaning that along with gyro instruments I was proceeding sans radio, navigation gear or cockpit lights. The first time I was flight lead in a two-plane sortie at night over North Carolina. Dipping my wing, I passed the lead to my wingman and he led me home…end of story
The other time I was tail end Charlie in a four-plane gaggle enroute to Puerto Rico from MCAS Cherry Point, NC. We were in thick clouds at 40,000 feet when I found myself with the throttle pushed all the way to the stop yet still losing ground to Number Three on whom I was trying to fly wing.
'Trying' was the operative word as he finally drew out of sight. Turning away I went onto the instruments only to find the altimeter spinning down madly with the airspeed indicator showing mach 0.93, a near impossibility for the A-4 configured as it was with wing tanks and centerline bomb rack.
At 28,000 feet I popped out of the clouds into a hole that allowed me to see all the way to the ocean below. The radio and nav gear were both dead as I spiraled down finally breaking into the clear at 1500 feet above the water. "Ok with that," I grumbled aloud, "but where in hell am I?"
I had no clue other than the feeling I was closer to the destination than where we started, so it seemed reasonable to head pretty much to southeast and hope to come upon something that wasn't water.
Presently I came up on a freighter pointed about 20 degrees further to the east, so figuring he had to be going somewhere—hopefully San Juan rather than Casablanca--I took up his heading and soldiered on estimating I had another 40 minutes of fuel. After 15 minutes of nervous droning, I spied a land mass…followed soon by a harbor…and yep, a runway -- San Juan International I hoped, not Havana.
With no radio to contact the tower for clearance I made an overhead entry and turned downwind looking for signal lights. Seeing none I slugged the gear handle down then sighed in relief as I felt the three gear—deployed by gravity and wind-- thud home. Then, as if to show me it had all been one of Lt. Winans' tricks, the generator came back online allowing me to lower my wing flaps.
As I taxied up to the tower—yes it was San Juan International--I saw the three other aircraft from my flight already parked, their crews waving to me as I pulled up and shut down. They all had experienced the same generator icing and gone through pretty much the same cluster flummox as I.
Those are my only attitude gyro failure stories and I'm happy to leave things at that. Did my basic instrument training pay off? You betcha.
***
Join me next week when I add to my 'under the hood' challenges those that arise under the banner of radio instruments…navigation and even more insidious, communicating with the world of airline pilots and air traffic controllers.
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Thanks to Brett and STRATFOR
ASSESSMENTS
The Middle East Descends Deeper Into Conflict With Israel's Killing of Hezbollah, Hamas Leaders
Aug 1, 2024
Iran and Hezbollah will respond to Israel's assassinations of top Hezbollah and Hamas leaders, and while both will aim to avoid a regional war, incidental miscalculations could cause rapid escalation that could nonetheless lead to such an outcome, especially as Israel will likely continue to conduct escalatory operations. On July 30 and 31, Israel carried out two major assassinations of top Hezbollah and Hamas leaders. First, on July 30, Israel struck a Hezbollah stronghold in the suburbs of Beirut, Lebanon, killing Fuad Shukr, one of the group's most prominent commanders and senior members of its Jihad Council, Hezbollah's military leadership. In the early morning hours of July 31, Israel assassinated the chief of Hamas' political bureau, Ismail Haniyeh, who was in Tehran, Iran, attending the inauguration of newly elected Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian. The attack was likely carried out by air using a projectile launched from an undetermined location and targeted at an Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corp (IRGC) residential compound in the capital where Haniyeh was present. In a statement, Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei vowed that Iran itself would take revenge given that the attack occurred on its soil. In addition, the al-Qassam Brigades, the military wing of Hamas, released a statement noting that Haniyeh's killing had ''escalate[d] the war to a new level'' and would have ''enormous consequences for the entire region.'' In the wake of the Shukr assassination, Hezbollah is reportedly gearing up for retaliation as well, though as of writing, the group had not yet publicly commented on the attack. Separately on July 30, the United States conducted airstrikes in Baghdad, Iraq, for the first time since February, targeting Iraqi militias and killing at least four prominent Iranian-aligned Kataib Hezbollah commanders.
• The Jihad Council, where Shukr served as a member, is one of several Hezbollah councils and is responsible for directing the Lebanese militant group's military wing and operations.
The recent spate of attacks is part of an escalating tit-for-tat cycle of violence between Israel, the United States, Iran and regional militant movements. The attacks come as Israel is fighting an ongoing war with the Iran-backed Palestinian militant group Hamas in Gaza, escalating clashes with the Iranian proxy Hezbollah in neighboring Lebanon, and continued attacks on its territory and maritime interests from Iran-backed Houthi militants in Yemen. Israel said it conducted the operation to kill Hezbollah leader Shukr in Beirut in retaliation for a July 28 rocket attack on the Golan Heights that killed 12 people, which Israel and the United States quickly attributed to Hezbollah despite the group denying being involved in the deadly strike. Meanwhile, though Israel did not, as the norm, take credit for the killing of Hamas leader Haniyeh, several ministers, including National Security Minister Itamar Ben Gvir, celebrated the operation as revenge for Hamas' Oct. 7 assault on Israel. The United States, for its part, was reportedly unaware and not involved in the assassination of Haniyeh, according to U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken. On July 30, the United States conducted strikes in Baghdad against the Iraqi faction Kataib Hezbollah, likely in response to the Iraqi militia's attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria in recent weeks. The recent spate of attacks exemplifies escalating tensions between Israel, the United States and the network of regional proxies supported by Iran, and the consequent growing specter of a wider war in the Middle East that could draw in direct involvement from the United States and Iran.
• The killing of Haniyeh marks the continuation of the assassination campaign against Hamas officials that Israel announced shortly after the Oct. 7 attacks. Such assassinations align with Israel's tactical goals in the ongoing Gaza war, as it seeks to pressure Hamas to surrender and/or agree to a cease-fire on Israel's terms.
The attack in Beirut represents a significant Israeli escalation against Hezbollah and will likely lead the militant group to retaliate by striking a major Israeli city, a development that will keep the risk of a wider war on the table. The Beirut attack violated a Hezbollah political red line, as the group has promised to strike an important Israeli city if Israel attacked Hezbollah targets in Beirut. In the wake of Shakr's killing in the Lebanese capital, Hezbollah will thus likely feel compelled to maintain a level of credible deterrence by targeting a major Israeli city, but whether this significantly raises the prospect of a wider war will hinge on the extent of Hezbollah's retaliation. While Tel Aviv is a more likely target due to the city's political and economic importance to Israel, Hezbollah may also adopt a more restrained approach to reduce the chances of Israeli civilian casualties and, in turn, further Israeli escalation, which could see the group instead target the northern Israeli port city of Haifa or limit its attacks to Israeli military positions and bases. Should a Hezbollah attack on Tel Aviv cause significant damage and casualties, Israel would likely retaliate by launching more attacks on Beirut and other high-profile Hezbollah targets and officials, worsening tit-for-tat escalation that would likely eventually lead to a broader conflict. Conversely, if Hezbollah's attack results in minimal damage, or should the group choose to target military locations instead, Israel would be positioned to limit its own retaliation to southern Lebanon.
• Israel's policy against Hezbollah has been to use limited force and the threat of greater escalation to try to convince Hezbollah to withdraw from the border. The Israeli government is worried that, especially amid continuing military operations in the Gaza Strip, a major invasion of Lebanon could trap Israeli forces in a long-running ground war with no clear path to victory and might lead to the collapse of support for the current Israeli government.
• Hezbollah's campaign against Israel has focused on conducting solidarity attacks without moving the combat zone out of border areas in southern Lebanon and northern Israel. But the July 28 rocket attack on the Golan Heights — which Hezbollah disavowed and may have been accidental rather than deliberate – sparked fierce backlash from Israel's government that Hezbollah fears could weaken the militants' domestic position in Lebanon.
In regards to the Israel-Hamas conflict in Gaza, the assassination of Haniyeh is a blow to any potential cease-fire talks to bring an end to the war, and may presage the appointment of a more hard-line political chief who would back further Hamas attacks against Israel. Hamas had been softening its demands for an immediate Israeli pullout from Gaza prior to the assassination. But with the killing of Haniyeh, as well as Israel's likely killing of Hamas' second in command of its military wing Mohammed Deif on July 13, Hamas is now all the more unlikely to offer concessions or make progress toward reaching a cease-fire deal with Israel. Moreover, with the loss of Haniyeh, Hamas will now have to elect a new head of its political wing, probably from the current ranks of the group's Politburo. In the wake of the recent Israeli attacks, this new Hamas political chief is much more likely to push for continued hawkishness against Israel rather than seek some sort of agreement to lessen violence in Gaza.
• Haniyeh and Hamas' political wing periodically clashed with the group's military wing, headed by Yahya Sinwar, over the best approach to confronting Israel. Haniyeh was intimately involved in cease-fire talks and was often described as a comparative moderate in the group, though reports also emerged that he at times opposed a cease-fire based on the belief that the diplomatic situation was favoring Hamas throughout the current Gaza war.
Following the assassination of a Hamas leader on its soil, Iran will likely calibrate its retaliation against Israel to limit the threat of further escalation, but another direct Iranian attack on Israel will nonetheless raise the risk of an all-out regional war. Iran will likely leave Hezbollah to retaliate for Shukr, given he was killed on Lebanese soil. Iran will, however, be compelled to avenge the death of Hamas leader Haniyeh, especially as it dealt a direct blow to Tehran since the surprise assassination occurred on Iranian soil. But Iran will likely still aim to carefully calibrate its response, as Haniyeh was not an Iranian nor a direct Iranian proxy. As of July 31, initial reporting from the New York Times suggested that Iran would conduct a direct strike on Israel again, as it did in April 2024. Because Haniyeh was Palestinian and not Iranian, Tehran could justify firing a smaller barrage than what it fired in April, which would reduce the risks of causing significant damage in Israel and therefore sparking Israeli and/or U.S. counterattacks. Iran is likely to want a single round of retaliation as it aims to avoid general war, but even so, should retaliation kill Israeli civilians or cause significant damage in Israel or to its assets abroad, Israel would likely respond with another direct strike on Iran, potentially near its nuclear facilities again. These strikes could also take place in coordination with Iranian regional proxies like Hezbollah, militias in Syria and Iraq, and Iranian allies like the Houthis in Yemen, which would substantially increase the chances of a deadly incident caused by Israeli and U.S. interceptions and air defenses being overwhelmed. Such a cycle would risk sparking a wider regional conflict involving Iran, Israel and the United States, and in turn increase risks to regional countries like the Gulf Arab states, whose energy infrastructure could be targeted by Iran and its proxies. But in addition, and possibly further in the future, Iran could respond covertly to the Haniyeh assassination by, for example, conducting cyberattacks against Israeli entities or physical attacks against Israeli targets abroad (like Israeli embassies, tourists and/or officials), which would reduce the risks of sustained escalation with Israel.
• It may take days or weeks for Iran to prepare and conduct its response to the recent Israeli attack on its soil. It took from April 1 to April 13 for Iran to signal and fire the barrage at Israel, as Tehran tried to telegraph its intent and prepare operations for a salvo designed to demonstrate its resolve to respond to Israeli provocations but not necessarily spark a general war.
Despite these retaliations and the risks of sparking a wider regional conflict, Israel is unlikely to de-escalate against Hamas, Hezbollah or Iran, as the Israeli government seeks to capitalize on the hawkish public mood to degrade and reframe its relationships with these groups in Israel's favor. The April 13 Iranian barrage did not stop Israel from counterattacking Iran directly, nor did it bring an end to Israeli strikes on Iranian-linked targets in Syria. Iran's April 13 attack also did not deter Israel from conducting its recent operation to assassinate Haniyeh in Tehran. This is because the Israeli government calculates it can continue to escalate covertly against Hamas, Hezbollah and Iran without triggering a general war that might isolate Israel diplomatically and severely impact its security. With the current Israeli government under hawkish far-right influence and needing far-right votes to remain in power, Israel will likely continue to escalate against these rivals, as it presses maximalist goals of military and political victory in Gaza over Hamas and for a buffer zone against Hezbollah in Lebanon. This means that regional tensions are unlikely to de-escalate anytime soon and the risk of a wider conflict triggered by either a deliberate action or a miscalculation will remain on the table for the foreseeable future.
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This Day in U S Military History…….August 1
1941 – Parade magazine called it "…the Army's most intriguing new gadget…a tiny truck which can do practically everything." During World War I, the U.S. Army began looking for a fast, lightweight all-terrain vehicle, but the search did not grow urgent until early 1940. At this time, the Axis powers had begun to score victories in Europe and Northern Africa, intensifying the Allies' need for an all-terrain vehicle. The U.S. Army issued a challenge to automotive companies, requesting a working prototype, fit to army specifications, in just 49 days. Willy's Truck Company was the first to successfully answer the Army's call, and the new little truck was christened "the Jeep." General Dwight D. Eisenhower said that America could not have won World War II without it. Parade was so enthusiastic about the Jeep, that, on this day, it devoted three full pages to a feature on the vehicle.
1942 – Ensign Henry C. White, while flying a J4F Widgeon plane, sank U-166 as it approaches the Mississippi River, the first U-boat sunk by the U.S. Coast Guard. In the summer of 1942, German submarines put saboteurs ashore on American beaches.
1943 – Operation Tidal Wave: The American Eighth Air Force began staging a series of heavy bomber air raids against the oil fields and refineries around Ploesti. These fields furnished about 80% of the Nazis' petroleum requirements and were a key military target. Of the 177 B-24 Liberator bombers, 50 are lost.
1943 – A Japanese destroyer rams an American PT (patrol torpedo) boat, No. 109, slicing it in two. The destruction is so massive other American PT boats in the area assume the crew is dead. Two crewmen were, in fact, killed, but 11 survived, including Lt. John F. Kennedy. Japanese aircraft had been on a PT boat hunt in the Solomon Islands, bombing the PT base at Rendova Island. It was essential to the Japanese that several of their destroyers make it to the southern tip of Kolombangara Island to get war supplies to forces there. But the torpedo capacity of the American PTs was a potential threat. Despite the base bombing at Rendova, PTs set out to intercept those Japanese destroyers. In the midst of battle, Japan's Amaqiri hit PT-109, leaving 11 crewmen floundering in the Pacific. After five hours of clinging to debris from the decimated PT boat, the crew made it to a coral island. Kennedy decided to swim out to sea again, hoping to flag down a passing American boat. None came. Kennedy began to swim back to shore, but strong currents, and his chronic back condition, made his return difficult. Upon reaching the island again, he fell ill. After he recovered, the PT-109 crew swam to a larger island, what they believed was Nauru Island, but was in fact Cross Island. They met up with two natives from the island, who agreed to take a message south. Kennedy carved the distress message into a coconut shell: "Nauru Is. Native knows posit. He can pilot. 11 alive need small boat." The message reached Lieutenant Arthur Evans, who was watching the coast of Gomu Island, located next to an island occupied by the Japanese. Kennedy and his crew were paddled to Gomu. A PT boat then took them back to Rendova. Kennedy was ultimately awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal, for gallantry in action. The coconut shell used to deliver his message found a place in history-and in the Oval Office. PT-109, a film dramatizing this story, starring Clift Robertson as Kennedy, opened in 1963.
1944 – After nine days of fighting in a battle termed "the perfect amphibious operation of World War II," MajGen Harry Schmidt, commander of V Amphibious Corps, declared the island of Tinian secured. The combination of surprise, heavy preassault bombardment, and effective logistical support was responsible for Tinian's recapture with a much lower casualty rate (344 killed and 1550 wounded) than had been experienced in previous landings.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
*BAKER, ADDISON E. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army Air Corps, 93d Heavy Bombardment Group. Place and date: Ploesti Raid, Rumania, 1 August 1943. Entered service at: Akron, Ohio. Born: 1 January 1907, Chicago, Ill. G.O. No.: 20, 11 March 1944. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy on 1 August 1943. On this date he led his command, the 93d Heavy Bombardment Group, on a daring low-level attack against enemy oil refineries and installations at Ploesti, Rumania. Approaching the target, his aircraft was hit by a large caliber antiaircraft shell, seriously damaged and set on fire. Ignoring the fact he was flying over terrain suitable for safe landing, he refused to jeopardize the mission by breaking up the lead formation and continued unswervingly to lead his group to the target upon which he dropped his bombs with devastating effect. Only then did he leave formation, but his valiant attempts to gain sufficient altitude for the crew to escape by parachute were unavailing and his aircraft crashed in flames after his successful efforts to avoid other planes in formation. By extraordinary flying skill, gallant leadership and intrepidity, Lt. Col. Baker rendered outstanding, distinguished, and valorous service to our Nation.
*HUGHES, LLOYD H. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army Air Corps, 564th Bomber Squadron, 389th Bomber Group, 9th Air Force. Place and date: Ploesti Raid, Rumania, 1 August 1943. Entered service at: San Antonio, Tex. Born: 12 July 1921, Alexandria, La. G.O. No.: 17, 26 February 1944. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On August 1943, 2d Lt. Hughes served in the capacity of pilot of a heavy bombardment aircraft participating in a long and hazardous minimum-altitude attack against the Axis oil refineries of Ploesti, Rumania, launched from the northern shores of Africa. Flying in the last formation to attack the target, he arrived in the target area after previous flights had thoroughly alerted the enemy defenses. Approaching the target through intense and accurate antiaircraft fire and dense balloon barrages at dangerously low altitude, his plane received several direct hits from both large and small caliber antiaircraft guns which seriously damaged his aircraft, causing sheets of escaping gasoline to stream from the bomb bay and from the left wing. This damage was inflicted at a time prior to reaching the target when 2d Lt. Hughes could have made a forced landing in any of the grain fields readily available at that time. The target area was blazing with burning oil tanks and damaged refinery installations from which flames leaped high above the bombing level of the formation. With full knowledge of the consequences of entering this blazing inferno when his airplane was profusely leaking gasoline in two separate locations, 2d Lt. Hughes, motivated only by his high conception of duty which called for the destruction of his assigned target at any cost, did not elect to make a forced landing or turn back from the attack. Instead, rather than jeopardize the formation and the success of the attack, he unhesitatingly entered the blazing area and dropped his bomb load with great precision. After successfully bombing the objective, his aircraft emerged from the conflagration with the left wing aflame. Only then did he attempt a forced landing, but because of the advanced stage of the fire enveloping his aircraft the plane crashed and was consumed. By 2d Lt. Hughes' heroic decision to complete his mission regardless of the consequences in utter disregard of his own life, and by his gallant and valorous execution of this decision, he has rendered a service to our country in the defeat of our enemies which will everlastingly be outstanding in the annals of our Nation's history.
*JERSTAD, JOHN L. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Army Air Corps, 9th Air Force. Place and date: Ploesti Raid, Rumania, 1 August 1943. Entered service at: Racine, Wis. Born: 12 February 1918, Racine, Wis. G.O. No.: 72, 28 October 1943. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty. On 1 August 1943, he served as pilot of the lead aircraft in his group in a daring low-level attack against enemy oil refineries and installations at Ploesti, Rumania. Although he had completed more than his share of missions and was no longer connected with this group, so high was his conception of duty that he volunteered to lead the formation in the correct belief that his participation would contribute materially to success in this attack. Maj. Jerstad led the formation into attack with full realization of the extreme hazards involved and despite withering fire from heavy and light antiaircraft guns. Three miles from the target his airplane was hit, badly damaged, and set on fire. Ignoring the fact that he was flying over a field suitable for a forced landing, he kept on the course. After the bombs of his aircraft were released on the target, the fire in his ship became so intense as to make further progress impossible and he crashed into the target area. By his voluntary acceptance of a mission he knew was extremely hazardous, and his assumption of an intrepid course of action at the risk of life over and above the call of duty, Maj. Jerstad set an example of heroism which will be an inspiration to the U.S. Armed Forces.
JOHNSON, LEON W. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Colonel, U.S. Army Air Corps, 44th Bomber Group, 9th Air Force. Place and date: Ploesti Raid, Rumania, 1 August 1943. Entered service at: Moline, Kans. Born: 13 September 1904, Columbia, Mo. G.O. No.: 54, 7 September 1943. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. Col. Johnson, as commanding officer of a heavy bombardment group, let the formation of the aircraft of his organization constituting the fourth element of the mass low-level bombing attack of the 9th U.S. Air Force against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. While proceeding to the target on this 2,400-mile flight, his element became separated from the leading elements of the mass formation in maintaining the formation of the unit while avoiding dangerous cumulous cloud conditions encountered over mountainous territory. Though temporarily lost, he reestablished contact with the third element and continued on the mission with this reduced force to the prearranged point of attack, where it was discovered that the target assigned to Col. Johnson's group had been attacked and damaged by a preceding element. Though having lost the element of surprise upon which the safety and success of such a daring form of mission in heavy bombardment aircraft so strongly depended, Col. Johnson elected to carry out his planned low-level attack despite the thoroughly alerted defenses, the destructive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, the imminent danger of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions, and of intense smoke obscuring the target. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, Col. Johnson so led his formation as to destroy totally the important refining plants and installations which were the object of his mission. Col. Johnson's personal contribution to the success of this historic raid, and the conspicuous gallantry in action, and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty demonstrated by him on this occasion constitute such deeds of valor and distinguished service as have during our Nation's history formed the finest traditions of our Armed Forces.
KANE, JOHN R. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Colonel, U.S. Army Air Corps, 9th Air Force. Place and date: Ploetsi Raid, Rumania, 1 August 1943. Entered service at: Shreveport, La. Birth: McGregor, Tex. G.O. No.: 54, 9 August 1943. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry in action and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty on 1 August 1943. On this date he led the third element of heavy bombardment aircraft in a mass low-level bombing attack against the vitally important enemy target of the Ploesti oil refineries. En route to the target, which necessitated a round-trip flight of over 2,400 miles, Col. Kane's element became separated from the leading portion of the massed formation in avoiding dense and dangerous cumulous cloud conditions over mountainous terrain. Rather than turn back from such a vital mission he elected to proceed to his target. Upon arrival at the target area it was discovered that another group had apparently missed its target and had previously attacked ??and damaged the target assigned to Col. Kane's element. Despite the thoroughly warned defenses, the intensive antiaircraft fire, enemy fighter airplanes, extreme hazards on a low-level attack of exploding delayed action bombs from the previous element, of oil fires and explosions and dense smoke over the target area, Col. Kane elected to lead his formation into the attack. By his gallant courage, brilliant leadership, and superior flying skill, he and the formation under his command successfully attacked this vast refinery so essential to our enemies' war effort. Through his conspicuous gallantry in this most hazardous action against the enemy, and by his intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty, Col. Kane personally contributed vitally to the success of this daring mission and thereby rendered most distinguished service in the furtherance of the defeat of our enemies.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for AUGUST 1, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY Elimination Balloon Race in a 206.4-mile flight from Birmingham to Commerce, Ga. (7)
1939: Capts C. S. Irvine and P. H. Robey used a Boeing YB-17A to set a 34,016.88-foot altitude record with a payload of 11,023 pounds.
1942: The Coast Guard's Squadron 212 sank the first enemy submarine off the passes of the Mississippi. (24)
1943: Operation TIDAL WAVE. In this operation, 177 B-24 Liberators used low-level routes to drop 311 tons of bombs on the Ploesti Oil Refinery in Rumania. This was the first large-scale, minimum-altitude attack against a strongly defended target, and the longest major bombing mission from base to target undertaken to date. MEDALS OF HONOR. During the Ploesti raid, the lead aircraft flown by Lt Col Addison Baker, the 93 BG Commander, received serious damage and caught fire. Baker, who was a mobilized guardsman from Ohio, continued to lead the formation and dropped his bombs before trying to gain enough altitude for the crew to parachute. The attempt failed and the B-24 crashed. For that gallant leadership and intrepidity, Colonel Baker earned the Medal of Honor. In this raid, Col Leon W. Johnson, Col John R. Kane, 2Lt Lloyd H. Hughes, and Maj John L. Jerstad also earned Medals of Honor. The Eighth lost 54 bombers, but successfully reduced Ploesti's refining capacity by 40 percent. (4)(21)
1945: In the largest one-day B-29 combat effort, 851 Superfortresses attacked four Japanese urban areas, a petroleum plant, and mine fields. (24) At Edwards AFB, prototype YP-80As displayed their ability to attack bombers, even when outnumbered by six to one.
1946: Capts B. L. Grubaugh and J. L. England flew a B-29 from New York to Burbank in 7 hours 28 minutes 3 seconds to set a FAI speed record for multi-engined aircraft. (9)
1950: The Collins-Vandenberg Agreement established cooperation between ADC and the Army Antiaircraft Command for the air defense of the US. (16) (24) KOREAN WAR. The USAF established the 6147th Tactical Control Squadron (Airborne) at Taegu for forward air control operations with T-6 aircraft. The 22 BG and 92 BG dispatched 46 B-29s to bomb the Chosen Nitrogen Fertilizer Factory at Hungnam, the largest chemical plant in the Far East. (28)
1951: Canada and the US exchanged diplomatic notes to erect and operate a radar defense network in Canada. (16)
1954: First flight of Convair's XFY-1 vertical takeoff fighter.
1955: The USAF began the first zero gravity research flight in T-33 jet trainers to study the effects of weightlessness. (16) (24)
1956: President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to include flight instruction in Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) programs. (16)
1958: The US detonated a missile-borne nuclear weapon at high altitude over Johnston Island in the Pacific as part of an anti-ICBM defense program. (16) (24) Capt Marion Boling, a commercial pilot, flew a Beechcraft Bonanza 6,979 miles from Manila, Philippines, to Pendleton, Oreg., to set a distance record for nonstop flight in a single-engine aircraft. (24)
1960: General Thomas S. Power, CINCSAC, accepted the first of 12 operational supersonic B-58 Hustlers to be delivered to the 43 BMW at Carswell AFB. (1)
1961: The AFRES mobilized five C-124 groups and more than 15,000 reservists in response to the construction of the Berlin Wall. (21)
1962: From an underground silo at Vandenberg AFB, the USAF launched its first operationally configured Atlas F. It landed near the Marshall Islands. (6) (12)
1963: NASA's Mariner II, launched on 27 August 1962, completed its first orbit around the sun after a trip of 540 million miles. (26)
1968: The USAF Southern Command flew 13,000 pounds of disaster relief supplies to San Jose, Costa Rica, to aid more victims of the Mount Arenal volcano. (16) (26)
1969: The Air Force added Quicktape, using broadcast tapes recorded in the air from a ground radioman and rebroadcast directly through the plane's loudspeaker, to its psychological warfare program in SEA. (16)
1972: The first B-52 SRAM wing activated on schedule at Loring AFB. 1974: William P. Clements, Jr., the Deputy SECDEF, approved plans for the A-10 close air support aircraft. (12)
1976: Through 2 August, two USAF UH-1 Iroquois helicopter crews saved 81 people stranded by a flash flood in Big Thompson Canyon, Colo. (16) (26)
1987: Rockwell International received a $1.3 billion contract to build a replacement space shuttle for the lost Challenger.
1988: The 177 FG retired the last three F-106 Delta Darts from the USAF's active inventory. Two of the F-106s were A-models and one was a B-model. (26)
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