To All
Good Sunday Morning January 28, 2024. The winds blew pretty good last night and this morning I will check the places where it usually piles the leaves up .Mostly cloudy today. No visitors last night.
Regards
Skip
HAGD
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/
This day in Naval and Marine Corps History
January 28
1865—Confederate torpedo boat St. Patrick strikes the side-wheel gunboat USS Octorara, off Mobile Bay, but her spar torpedo fails to explode.
1944—PB4Y-1 (VB 103) aircraft sink German submarine, U 271, off Limerick, Ireland.
1945—Submarine Spadefish (SS 411) attacks Japanese convoy west of Chuja Kundo, Korea and sinks escort vessel Kume and transport Sanuki Maru.
1962—USS Cook (APD 130) rescues 25 survivors from Panamanian tanker, SS Stanvac Sumatra, which broke in two in the South China Sea.
1986—The Space Shuttle Challenger tragically explodes early in its boost phase, killing all seven astronauts, including Navy Cmdr. Michael Smith.
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This Day in World History…
January 28
28 The Roman Emperor Nerva names Trajan, an army general, as his successor.
1547 Henry VIII of England dies and is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Edward VI.
1757 Ahmed Shah, the first King of Afghanistan, occupies Delhi and annexes the Punjab.
1792 Rebellious slaves in Santo Domingo launch an attack on the city of Cap.
1871 Surrounded by Prussian troops and suffering from famine, the French army in Paris surrenders. During the siege, balloons were used to keep contact with the outside world.
1915 The U.S. Coast Guard is founded to fight contraband trade and aid distressed vessels at sea.
1915 The German navy attacks the U.S. freighter William P. Frye, loaded with wheat for Britain.
1921 Albert Einstein startles Berlin by suggesting the possibility of measuring the universe.
1932 The Japanese attack Shanghai, China, and declare martial law.
1936 A fellow prison inmate slashes infamous kidnapper, Richard Loeb, to death.
1941 French General Charles DeGaulle's Free French forces sack south Libya oasis.
1945 Chiang Kai-shek renames the Ledo-Burma Road the Stilwell Road, in honor of General Joseph Stilwell.
1955 The U.S. Congress passes a bill allowing mobilization of troops if China should attack Taiwan.
1964 The Soviets down a U.S. jet over East Germany killing three.
1970 Israeli fighter jets attack the suburbs of Cairo.
1986 The space shuttle Challenger explodes just after liftoff.
I will never forget watching that on the TV in Pri fly while watching Flight ops on one of the carriers. The Air Boss and I were talking and looked up at the launch and then the disaster and we were both speechless for a couple of seconds before the Oh S&*@ came out
At 11:38 a.m. EST, on January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Christa McAuliffe is on her way to becoming the first ordinary U.S. civilian to travel into space. McAuliffe, a 37-year-old high school social studies teacher from New Hampshire, won a competition that earned her a place among the seven-member crew of the Challenger. She underwent months of shuttle training but then, beginning January 23, was forced to wait six long days as the Challenger's launch countdown was repeatedly delayed because of weather and technical problems. Finally, on January 28, the shuttle lifted off.
Seventy-three seconds later, hundreds on the ground, including Christa's family, stared in disbelief as the shuttle broke up in a forking plume of smoke and fire. Millions more watched the wrenching tragedy unfold on live television. There were no survivors.
READ MORE: 5 Things You May Not Know About the Challenger Shuttle
In 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) unveiled the world's first reusable manned spacecraft, the Enterprise. Five years later, space flights of the shuttle began when Columbia traveled into space on a 54-hour mission. Launched by two solid-rocket boosters and an external tank, only the aircraft-like shuttle entered into orbit around Earth. When the mission was completed, the shuttle fired engines to reduce speed and, after descending through the atmosphere, landed like a glider. Early shuttles took satellite equipment into space and carried out various scientific experiments. The Challenger disaster was the first major shuttle accident.
In the aftermath of the disaster, President Ronald Reagan appointed a special commission to determine what went wrong with Challenger and to develop future corrective measures. The presidential commission was headed by former secretary of state William Rogers, and included former astronaut Neil Armstrong and former test pilot Chuck Yeager. The investigation determined that the disaster was caused by the failure of an "O-ring" seal in one of the two solid-fuel rockets. The elastic O-ring did not respond as expected because of the cold temperature at launch time, which began a chain of events that resulted in the massive loss. As a result, NASA did not send astronauts into space for more than two years as it redesigned a number of features of the space shuttle.
READ MORE: Reagan Delayed the 1986 State of the Union to Mourn the Challenger Disaster
In September 1988, space shuttle flights resumed with the successful launching of the Discovery. Since then, the space shuttle has carried out numerous important missions, such as the repair and maintenance of the Hubble Space Telescope and the construction of the International Space Station.
On February 1, 2003, a second space-shuttle disaster rocked the United States when Columbia disintegrated upon reentry of the Earth's atmosphere. All aboard were killed. Despite fears that the problems that downed Columbia had not been satisfactorily addressed, space-shuttle flights resumed on July 26, 2005, when Discovery was again put into orbit.
The Space Shuttle program formally ended on August 31, 2011 after its final mission, STS-135 flown by Atlantis, in July 2011.
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OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT Thanks to the Bear
Skip… For The List for the week beginning Monday, 22 January 2024 and ending Sunday, 28 January 2024… Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT (1968-1972)…
From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post of 14 April 2019… 35th President attends his 1st meeting with his National Security Advisor and Staff…
Thanks to Micro
To remind folks that these are from the Vietnam Air Losses site that Micro put together. You click on the url below and can read what happened each day to the aircraft and its crew. ……Skip
From Vietnam Air Losses site for "Sunday 28 January
28: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=1572
This following work accounts for every fixed wing loss of the Vietnam War and you can use it to read more about the losses in The Bear's Daily account. Even better it allows you to add your updated information to the work to update for history…skip Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
Vietnam Air Losses
Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Servicemembers Killed in the Vietnam War
(This site was sent by a friend . The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature. https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
By: Kipp Hanley
AUGUST 15, 2022
Check this out
Thanks to the Bear
Skip… For your information and consideration.. RTR Webmaster Dan Heller has updated the Links List attached to the RTR website with a dozen Vietnam air war sites that might interest regulars of The List… Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻… See…
https://www.rollingthunderremembered.com/new-links/
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From the archives
Remove cat before flight
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Thanks to Shadow…See attachment
From FBI Mike…
Fwd: Report on Alarming Trends in FBI Special Agent Recruitment and Selection, House Committee on the Judiciary and House Committee on Oversight and Accountability, October 2-23
This needs maximum distribution… it's what "WOKE", DEI is doing to destroy what used to be the most admired and competent law enforcement in the world. As graduates of one of the premier examples of meritocracy in the nation; Naval Aviation Flight Training… we know what happens when standards are lowered. People get killed! When standards are lowered across the spectrum… nations die! I'm fed up with this chit!
Shadow
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Thanks to History Facts
A giant wave of beer once flooded London.
HORSE SHOE BREWERY, LONDON
London was once a prominent beer-brewing city; in the 1850s, the U.K. capital was home to the largest brewery in the world. London's beer business was robust in the 19th century — and it was also the source of an industrial accident that sent thousands of gallons of beer flooding the streets. It happened at the Horse Shoe Brewery, located at the corner of Great Russell Street and Tottenham Court. On the afternoon of Monday, October 17, 1814, one of the large iron rings used to hold together the brewery's wooden fermentation tanks broke. The vat was massive: It stood about 22 feet high, and held roughly the equivalent of more than 3,500 standard barrels of the company's porter beer. Within an hour, the damaged tank burst, sending a gush of beer that broke through a wall and caused several more of the tanks on the premises to split open.
More than 380,000 gallons of beer then rushed through the streets of St. Giles, a densely populated, poverty-stricken London neighborhood. The wave reached up to 15 feet high, and came crashing into nearby homes and businesses. Although everyone at the brewery survived, the London Beer Flood claimed the lives of eight people in the neighborhood. In the aftermath, the media reported a respectful atmosphere as St. Giles residents reckoned with the tragedy; stories about locals scooping up as much beer as they could drink also emerged, although historians now dispute the likelihood of these reports. A hearing ultimately found that the brewery was not responsible, dubbing the incident an act of God.
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Thanks to DR
Fwd: All Families Matter!!!!
I have my favorites.
You may have your own favorites too.
Cherish them and share with others.
DR "handler"
Very cool Pics - Nature Photos - Click Below
https://rense.com/general96/shots.html
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Thanks to YP
Hearing
Wot you say?
Whut? is wot Tunita claims is my every answer to her dulcet voice.
But I remind her of her last attempt to get me eared up: She found out that some traveling hearing aid salesmen were going to be at the Senior Center for hearing tests. Never had my feets darkened the doors of that establishment, but she signed us up. She'd get some hard evidence that I was a human cedar post in the hearing department.
So, we showed up. Half of the building was filled with bingo playing White Hairs, and the caller was using a LOUDSPEAKER. On the other side of the hall, the Salespersons had set up their testing machine on a convenient table: it was earphones, and punch the button when you hear the tones up thru the spectrum. Well now then there: For most of 30 years of airline pukery and for the later Federales flight physicals, annually, I got put in a soundproof box with the same earphone/button scenario. I always went into my competitive mode, wouldn't even breathe much, total concentration on capturing the often hypersonic mice sounds coming thru the headset. So, I did exactly that. Now, Tunita's turn: Miz A.D.D. is distracted by the Bingo calls…
Time for results: YP had EXCELLENT hearing, but Tunita, you've got serious hearing loss!
Which is way funny, because she can hear a mouse faht in Trinidad, Colorada nineteen miles away, and the whispers of angels, stuff I can't even imagine.
So it has come to that I shouldn't be expected to understand questions from another room, while I am in the closet, or she has Hannity on the telly at volume.
It's a step or two above a portable chalkboard. Me Da used to say he heard wot he wanted to hear. Purty much so..
YP
This one hit close to home….I used to hear the first one and then got the rhythm down and punched it. After I got out of the navy the VA got me a hearing aid and I heard so many noises driving home that I took it out and never used it…That is what the volume nob is for…skip
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
Hot and cold water make different sounds when poured.
Human ears have two main jobs: alerting us to noises in the world around us, and keeping our bodies balanced as we move throughout the day. However, researchers have found another small trick our ears can perform: determining the temperature of water. While they may look identical, hot and cold water make different sounds when poured. With a little help from our brains — which learn to recognize the contrasting tones over a lifetime of repeated exposure — most people can tell the difference between cold water poured from a pitcher or hot water transferred from a kettle, without even seeing the cup being filled.
Without the cues of visible boiling or a collection of ice crystals, liquid water tends to look the same regardless of its temperature. What humans can't see is that temperature actually affects water's viscosity (aka thickness), which produces different sounds that we can hear. At lower temperatures, water molecules are sluggish and create temporary bonds that thicken the liquid, producing a lower-frequency sound when poured. Conversely, heated water molecules are more energetic, making it harder for molecules to join together. Fewer bonds result in thinner water, which produces a noticeably higher-pitched sound when transferred into a cup. Researchers say bubbling also plays a role in water acoustics — hot liquids have more bubbles than cool liquids, which contribute to the higher tones we hear while pouring out a cup of coffee or tea.
Humans can't actually feel wetness.
Feeling wet — from stepping out of the shower, diving into a pool, or getting caught in the rain — seems like a straightforward sensation, though amazingly, humans can't actually feel wetness itself. While our skin contains thousands of nerve endings that recognize temperature, texture, and pain, there are none for wetness. Instead, scientists believe humans are born without an understanding of wetness, though one slowly develops through a mix of temperature and texture sensations; over time, experience helps our brains build an understanding of wet and dry. However, even with decades of data, our brains aren't foolproof and can cause occasional confusion. That's why it can be difficult to determine whether something is cold or wet, like a metal park bench on a chilly day.
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Thanks to Dr. Rich
Pretty cool stuff
Thanks to Beau ...
EXPLORATION
Bad propeller grounds Mars copter for good …
The first aircraft to fly on another planet far exceeded expectations…
By CHRISTIAN DAVENPORT
The Washington Post
Ingenuity, the small but plucky helicopter that became the first aircraft to make a powered, controlled flight on another planet, has taken its last flight on Mars, ending a mission that far exceeded NASA's expectations, the space agency announced Thursday.
What started out as a test to push the technological envelope — a bold attempt to see if NASA could get a small drone to fly in Mars' thin atmosphere — became a celebrated endeavor that helped the space agency explore the Red Planet from above.
The 4-pound helicopter first took to the skies in April 2021 when it rose to about 10 feet, hovered, turned and then landed softly back on the surface in what NASA called "a Wright Brothers moment."
Mission scout
NASA was planning to fly it just five times over a period of 30 days. Instead, it flew 72 times, an extraordinary feat considering the Martian atmosphere is just 1% the density of Earth's, making it difficult to generate lift.
On its most recent flight Jan. 18, however, one or more of its blades, designed to spin at 2,500 rotations per minute, "sustained damage during landing, and it is no longer capable of flight," NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory said in a statement. It added that Ingenuity remained upright and was in communication with controllers on the ground.
NASA Administrator Bill Nelson eulogized the small drone: "It acted as a scout for the Perseverance rover — it would go and check out sites," he said. "Ingenuity demonstrated how flight can enhance operational missions, and it's helping us in the search for life on Mars."
Ingenuity flew to Mars tethered to the underbelly of Perseverance, the SUV-sized rover that touched down on Mars in February 2021, after traveling about 300 million miles.
'Shattered' paradigm
While Perseverance was the star of the mission, Ingenuity was "built as an experiment," Lori Glaze, the director of NASA's planetary science division, told The Washington Post in 2022. As a result, it didn't "have the flight-qualified parts that we use on the big missions like Perseverance." Engineers even used components from smartphones that they bought off the shelf. And going into the first flight, there "was a risk that it wasn't going to work," she said.
But as Ingenuity kept going, flight after flight, on longer and longer journeys, scientists at NASA began to see it as an important tool for exploring Mars. Over the past three years, the helicopter traversed craters and took photos of regions that would have been hard to reach on the ground. It survived harsh dust storms and frigid nights, proving to be surprisingly resilient.
"I am really thrilled to say Ingenuity absolutely shattered our paradigm of exploration, introducing this new dimension of aerial mobility," Glaze said.
The more it flew, the more confidence NASA had in it, flying it faster and farther and over more challenging terrain. Its ninth flight, for example, was "a nail biter," as NASA said, because it flew over a crater that required flight controllers to reduce its speed and for engineers to tweak the navigation algorithm. The flight was a success, and Ingenuity was able to beam back color photos of the region, including a location that some think "may record some of the deepest water environments in old Lake Jezero," NASA wrote.
Flight data
Landing: Feb. 18, 2021, Jezero Crater, Mars
Flight time: 128.8 minutes
Distance covered: 10.5 miles
Top ground speed: 22 mph
Highest altitude: 78.7 feet
Mission completed: Jan. 25
SOURCE: NASA
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Thanks to History Facts
5 of the Strangest Days in History
CONCEPTUAL IMAGE OF TIME
There have been 91,310 days in the last 250 years, but only a few of them stand out as singularly odd. Unexplained phenomena, surprising coincidences, and, in some cases, a strange quiet, don't happen every day — especially on a massive scale.
From the day an entire region thought the apocalypse was coming, to the day apparently nothing of note happened at all, some days really stand out.. Next time you're having an eerie day, put it in perspective with these five dates.
May 19, 1780: New England's Dark Day
This Friday in May started out like any other, with the sun rising and bringing daylight with it. But if you happened to be in the northeastern United States or small parts of southeastern Canada, the sky was yellow by midmorning and completely darkened by noon. This would be disorienting at best even today, but in the 18th century, without the benefit of modern science to explain what happened, it was even more harrowing. People left work and school and flooded into churches and taverns. Some believed it was the second coming of Christ. Others decided to stay put; one state legislator famously said, in response to his colleagues calling for adjournment, "The day of judgment is either approaching, or it is not. If it is not, there is no cause for an adjournment; if it is, I choose to be found doing my duty. I wish therefore that candles may be brought."The moon came out around midnight that night, much to the relief of those who thought it was judgment day. Nobody knew what caused the darkness at the time, but the likely culprit, based on reports from the period and physical evidence on older trees, was wildfire smoke blowing in from Canada.
April 18, 1930: The Slowest News Day
A day with no news seems next to impossible in today's 24-hour news cycle, but one evening in 1930, BBC News reported that there was nothing to report — at least nothing that hit the station's desk. When it came time for the regular 15-minute radio news bulletin at 8:45 p.m., the broadcast was very short: The announcer simply said, "There is no news." The remainder of the 15 minutes was filled with piano music before the station returned to what was playing before, a live concert of the BBC Symphony Orchestra at the Queen's Hall in London.It's easy now to look back at what actually happened around the world that day, including a typhoon in the Philippines, but communication wasn't as fast in the 1930s, and journalists relied heavily on wire services and government announcements. Even still, it was pretty rare to not have any news at all to report for the day.
April 11, 1954: The Most Boring Day, According to AI
Almost every day, major events happen somewhere in the world, and someone famous or noteworthy is born or dies on that day. But not always — and one such dull day was April 11, 1954. This is according to the artificial intelligence project True Knowledge, which indexed hundreds of millions of facts and was later sold to Amazon to help develop the Alexa product. In November 2010, computer scientist William Tunstall-Pedoe created a query to determine the single most boring day in history. The answer was April 11, 1954. The program determined that a Turkish academic was born that day — his field is electrical engineering — but reported that nothing else particularly significant happened. The AI clearly wasn't a fan of water polo — the Hungarian water polo Olympian Attila Sudár was born on April 11, 1954.
March 12, 1951: Two Dennis the Menaces
If you're from the United States, you may have a very different idea of the cartoon character Dennis the Menace than someone from the United Kingdom. In America, Dennis is a baby-faced blonde boy, a lovable scamp who gets into trouble but is ultimately endearing. The British Dennis the Menace, on the other hand, is a violent bully with a grumpy expression and a hunched posture. The weirdest part is that neither Dennis came first: They debuted at the same time, with no coordination, on March 12, 1951. The American Dennis was syndicated to 16 newspapers, while the British Dennis was in a weekly comic book magazine called The Beano. It's a bizarre coincidence, but rarely causes confusion — when the 1993 American film Dennis the Menace was released across the pond, it was just called Dennis.
August 15-16, 1977: Aliens and Elvis
On August 15, 1977, the Big Ear radio telescope at the University of Ohio was trained on the cosmos, ready to catch a signal from some kind of extraterrestrial intelligence, should it exist. That day, it picked up what astronomers now know as the "Wow!" signal, a strange radio signal at a frequency and volume they'd been looking for. It's still the most compelling example of a potential extraterrestrial communication — and while the general consensus now is that it was something other than alien life, nobody knows for sure what that is. In 1977, SETI researchers were wowed by what they'd picked up, and the astronomy community was buzzing. But it was a busy 24 hours, and the world's eyes were on a different type of star. On August 16, Elvis Presley died, setting off a firestorm of media coverage and national mourning. While there are many conspiracy theories around the death of the King, surprisingly (given the timing), most of them don't involve aliens.
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Thanks toRex
2nd Lieutenant Gene Walker, U.S. Army, tank commander, was killed in action, November 24, 1944, near Hücheln, Germany. He was buried as Unknown Soldier X-157 in the Henri-Chapelle U.S. Military Cemetery, Hombourg, Belgium, shortly thereafter. The U.S. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency (DPAA) began the efforts to identify those specific remains a few years ago. Mrs. Anne Collingwood, the daughter Lt Walker never saw, was notified of the positive identification of her Father after confirmation of the relationship. Arrangements were made and on Friday, January 26, 2024, the cremated remains of 2nd Lt Gene Walker were welcomed to his new home at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery, San Diego, California. The U.S. Army Honor Guard and Remains Escort from Fort Irwin rendered honors, including a Rifle Salute, during the ceremony.
Lt Walker's daughter, her husband, and other members of the family were present as his remains were interred in a burial vault. Joyce and I attended because we thought Lt Walker should be welcomed home.
While Lt Walker laid, unidentified, in Belgium, he was among friends and colleagues. Now, nearer the home of his Daughter and other Family Members, he once again lays with friends and colleagues.
Rest easy Lieutenant, your job is done. Your Country recognizes your efforts and the cost of your dedication to the task.
(Photo from DPAA/U.S. Army.)
Thanks,
Rex
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This Day in U S Military History
28 January
1915 – President Woodrow Wilson signed into law the "Act to Create the Coast Guard," an act passed by Congress on 20 January 1915 to form the Coast Guard (38 Stat. L., 800). The Coast Guard, however, still considers the date of the founding of the Revenue Cutter Service, 4 August 1790, as its "official" birthday, even though the Lighthouse Service, absorbed in 1939, is even older than that, dating to 7 August 1789. The Coast Guard is the amalgamation of five Federal agencies. These agencies, the Revenue Cutter Service, the Lighthouse Service, the Steamboat Inspection Service, the Bureau of Navigation, and the Lifesaving Service, were originally independent, but had overlapping authorities and were shuffled around the government. They sometimes received new names, and they were all finally united under the umbrella of the Coast Guard. The multiple missions and responsibilities of the modern Service are directly tied to this diverse heritage and the magnificent achievements of all of these agencies.
1915 – The merchant frigate Willaim P. Frye was stopped by a German cruiser in the South Atlantic off the Brazilian coast and ordered to jettison its cargo. The following day, the German captain noted that the disposal of the wheat had not been completed, so he ordered the ship's destruction. The sinking of the Frye was the first such loss inflicted on American shipping in World War I.
1917 – American forces are recalled from Mexico after nearly 11 months of fruitless searching for Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa, who had lead a bloody raid against Columbus, New Mexico. In 1914, following the resignation of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, Pancho Villa and his former revolutionary ally Venustiano Carranza battled each other in a struggle for succession. By the end of 1915, Villa had been driven north into the mountains, and the U.S. government recognized General Carranza as the president of Mexico. In January 1916, to protest President Woodrow Wilson's support for Carranza, Villa executed 16 U.S. citizens at Santa Isabel in northern Mexico. Then, on March 9, 1916, Villa led a band of several hundred guerrillas across the border and raided the town of Columbus, killing 17 Americans. U.S. troops pursued the Mexicans, killing 50 on U.S. soil and 70 more in Mexico. On March 15, under orders from President Wilson, U.S. Brigadier General John J. Pershing launched a punitive expedition into Mexico to capture Villa dead or alive. For the next 11 months, Pershing, like Carranza, failed to capture the elusive revolutionary and Mexican resentment over the U.S. intrusion into their territory led to a diplomatic crisis. On June 21, the crisis escalated into violence when Mexican government troops attacked Pershing's forces at Carrizal, Mexico, leaving 17 Americans killed or wounded, and 38 Mexicans dead. In late January 1917, having failed in their mission to capture Villa and under pressure from the Mexican government, the Americans were ordered home. Villa continued his guerrilla activities in northern Mexico until Adolfo de la Huerta took power over the government and drafted a reformist constitution. Villa entered into an amicable agreement with Huerta and agreed to retire from politics. In 1920, the government pardoned Villa, but three years later he was assassinated at Parral.
1942 – The Eighth Bomber Command (Later redesignated 8th AF in February 1944) activated as part of the U.S. Army Air Forces at Hunter Field in Savannah, Ga. Brig. Gen. Ira C Eaker took the headquarters to England the next month to prepare for its mission to conduct aerial bombardment mission against Nazi-occupied Europe.During World War 2,under the leadership of such generals as Eaker and Jimmy Doolittle, 8th AF became the greatest air armada in history. By mid-1944, 8th AF had reached a total strength of more than 200,000 people (it is estimated that more than 350,000 Americans served in 8th AF during the war in Europe). At its peak, 8th AF could dispatch more than 2,000 four-engine bombers and 1,000 fighters on a single mission. For these reasons, 8th AF became known as the "Mighty Eighth".
1945 – Part of the 717-mile "Burma Road" from Lashio, Burma to Kunming in southwest China is reopened by the Allies, permitting supplies to flow back into China. At the outbreak of war between Japan and China in 1937, when Japan began its occupation of China's seacoast, China began building a supply route that would enable vital resources to evade the Japanese blockade and flow into China's interior from outside. It was completed in 1939, and allowed goods to reach China via a supply route that led from the sea to Rangoon, and then by train to Lashio. When, in April 1942, the Japanese occupied most of Burma, the road from Lashio to China was closed, and the supply line was cut off. The Allies were not able to respond until 1944, when Allied forces in eastern India made their way into northern Burma and were able to begin construction of another supply road that linked Ledo, India, with the part of the original Burma Road still controlled by the Chinese. The Stillwell Road (named for Gen. Joseph Stillwell, American adviser to Chiang Kai-shek, China's leader) was finally opened on this day in 1945, once again allowing the free transport of supplies into China.
1973 – A cease-fire goes into effect at 8 a.m., Saigon time (midnight on January 27, Greenwich Mean Time). When the cease-fire went into effect, Saigon controlled about 75 percent of South Vietnam's territory and 85 percent of the population. The South Vietnamese Army was well equipped via last-minute deliveries of U.S. weapons and continued to receive U.S. aid after the cease-fire. The CIA estimated North Vietnamese presence in the South at 145,000 men, about the same as the previous year. The cease-fire began on time, but both sides violated it. South Vietnamese forces continued to take back villages occupied by communists in the two days before the cease-fire deadline and the communists tried to capture additional territory. Each side held that military operations were justified by the other side's violations of the cease-fire. What resulted was an almost endless chain of retaliations. During the period between the initiation of the cease-fire and the end of 1973, there were an average of 2,980 combat incidents per month in South Vietnam. Most of these were low-intensity harassing attacks designed to wear down the South Vietnamese forces, but the North Vietnamese intensified their efforts in the Central Highlands in September when they attacked government positions with tanks west of Pleiku. As a result of these post-cease-fire actions, about 25,000 South Vietnamese were killed in battle in 1973, while communist losses in South Vietnam were estimated at 45,000.
1975 – President Gerald Ford asks Congress for an additional $522 million in military aid for South Vietnam and Cambodia. He revealed that North Vietnam now had 289,000 troops in South Vietnam, and tanks, heavy artillery, and antiaircraft weapons "by the hundreds." Ford succeeded Richard Nixon when he resigned the presidency in August 1974. Despite his wishes to honor Nixon's promise to come to the aid of South Vietnam, he was faced with a hostile Congress who refused to appropriate military aid for South Vietnam and Cambodia; both countries fell to the communists later in the year.
1986 – At 11:38 a.m. EST, on January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida, and Christa McAuliffe is on her way to becoming the first ordinary U.S. civilian to travel into space. McAuliffe, a 37-year-old high school social studies teacher from New Hampshire, won a competition that earned her a place among the seven-member crew of the Challenger. She underwent months of shuttle training but then, beginning January 23, was forced to wait six long days as the Challenger's launch countdown was repeatedly delayed because of weather and technical problems. Finally, on January 28, the shuttle lifted off. Seventy-three seconds later, hundreds on the ground, including Christa's family, stared in disbelief as the shuttle exploded in a forking plume of smoke and fire. Millions more watched the wrenching tragedy unfold on live television. There were no survivors. In 1976, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) unveiled the world's first reusable manned spacecraft, the Enterprise. Five years later, space flights of the shuttle began when Columbia traveled into space on a 54-hour mission. Launched by two solid-rocket boosters and an external tank, only the aircraft-like shuttle entered into orbit around Earth. When the mission was completed, the shuttle fired engines to reduce speed and, after descending through the atmosphere, landed like a glider. Early shuttles took satellite equipment into space and carried out various scientific experiments. The Challenger disaster was the first major shuttle accident. In the aftermath of the explosion, President Ronald Reagan appointed a special commission to determine what went wrong with Challenger and to develop future corrective measures. The presidential commission was headed by former secretary of state William Rogers, and included former astronaut Neil Armstrong and former test pilot Chuck Yeager. The investigation determined that the explosion was caused by the failure of an "O-ring" seal in one of the two solid-fuel rockets. The elastic O-ring did not respond as expected because of the cold temperature at launch time, which began a chain of events that resulted in the massive explosion. As a result of the explosion, NASA did not send astronauts into space for more than two years as it redesigned a number of features of the space shuttle. In September 1988, space shuttle flights resumed with the successful launching of the Discovery. Since then, the space shuttle has carried out numerous important missions, such as the repair and maintenance of the Hubble Space Telescope and the construction of the International Space Station. To date, there have been more than 100 space shuttle flights.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
*GIBSON, ERIC G.
Rank and organization. Technician Fifth Grade, U.S. Army, 3d Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Isola Bella, Italy, 28 January 1944. Entered service at: Chicago, Ill. Birth: Nysund, Sweden. G.O. No.: 74, 11 September 1944. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at risk of life above and beyond the call of duty. On 28 January 1944, near Isola Bella, Italy, Tech. 5th Grade Gibson, company cook, led a squad of replacements through their initial baptism of fire, destroyed four enemy positions, killed 5 and captured 2 German soldiers, and secured the left flank of his company during an attack on a strongpoint. Placing himself 50 yards in front of his new men, Gibson advanced down the wide stream ditch known as the Fossa Femminamorta, keeping pace with the advance of his company. An enemy soldier allowed Tech. 5th Grade Gibson to come within 20 yards of his concealed position and then opened fire on him with a machine pistol. Despite the stream of automatic fire which barely missed him, Gibson charged the position, firing his submachine gun every few steps. Reaching the position, Gibson fired pointblank at his opponent, killing him. An artillery concentration fell in and around the ditch; the concussion from one shell knocked him flat. As he got to his feet Gibson was fired on by two soldiers armed with a machine pistol and a rifle from a position only 75 yards distant. Gibson immediately raced toward the foe. Halfway to the position a machinegun opened fire on him. Bullets came within inches of his body, yet Gibson never paused in his forward movement. He killed one and captured the other soldier. Shortly after, when he was fired upon by a heavy machinegun 200 yards down the ditch, Gibson crawled back to his squad and ordered it to lay down a base of fire while he flanked the emplacement. Despite all warning, Gibson crawled 125 yards through an artillery concentration and the cross fire of 2 machineguns which showered dirt over his body, threw 2 hand grenades into the emplacement and charged it with his submachine gun, killing 2 of the enemy and capturing a third. Before leading his men around a bend in the stream ditch, Gibson went forward alone to reconnoiter. Hearing an exchange of machine pistol and submachine gun fire, Gibson's squad went forward to find that its leader had run 35 yards toward an outpost, killed the machine pistol man, and had himself been killed while firing at the Germans.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for January 28, 2021 FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
28 January
1908: Lts Frank P. Lahm, Henry W. Alden, and J. G. Obermeier made a 2-hour, 20-minute balloon trip in the Ohio from Canton, Ohio, to Oil City, Pa., covering about 100 miles. (24)
1917: At San Diego, Calif., for the first time in the US a pilot transmitted his voice by radiotelephone from a plane to the ground. (5)
1938: Through 29 January, Capt Robert O. D. Sullivan flew from New York, N. Y., to Marseilles, France, to make his first flight across the Atlantic. On 28 December 1942, he made his 100th flight across the Atlantic. (24)
1945: Eighth Air Force celebrated its third birthday with a 1,000-plane raid on Germany. By this time, the Eighth had flown more than 250,000 bomber and 210,000 fighter sorties to deliver 518,000 tons of bombs and destroy 13,000 enemy planes. (24)
1949: A service test model of the C-97A flew for the first time. (18)
1964: Maj Robert A. Rushworth flew the 100th X-15 flight near Edwards AFB, Calif. He hit 3,682 MPH (mach 5.4) and 107,000 feet in altitude in this mission. (5)
1968: Operation PLOWSHARE/Project CABRIOLET. The Atomic Energy Commission conducted this project at the Nevada Test Site to study peaceful uses of atomic energy. (5) Air Force reservists set a record by airlifting more than 447 tons of domestic cargo during 22-28 January, in addition to the cargo carried to Southeast Asia and Europe. (16)
1970: The 6511th Test Group (Parachute) set a new record for a single pallet drop, when a C-130E dropped a pallet weighing 50,540 pounds from 2,500 feet. (3) In the first MiG encounter since the bombing halt in November 1968, a MiG-21 shot down an HH-53 helicopter with air-to-air missiles. The HH-53 was orbiting in Laos while waiting for clearance to enter North Vietnam to pick up a downed F-105 crew. (17)
1973: LAST B-52 COMBAT SORTIE IN SEA. The last B-52 sortie for Operation ARC LIGHT struck targets in South Vietnam. This operation began in 1965. (16) (17)
1982: The first of 76 C-5 Galaxy aircraft to receive new wings arrived at the Lockheed-Georgia plant in Marrietta, Ga., for modification. (16) (26) Air Force Systems Command directed its Aeronautical Systems Division to set up a derivative fighter organization to compare the F-15E and F-16E as dual role fighters with air-to-air and airto-ground capabilities. (30)
1984: The Air Force Reserves accepted its first F-16 Fighting Falcon at Hill AFB, Utah. (16) (26)
1985: Two H-3 Jolly Green Giant helicopters rescued 10 shipwrecked Korean fishermen. The helicopter took the survivors to Kunsan AB, South Korea, for medical treatment. (16) (26)
1986: CHALLENGER DISASTER. The Space Shuttle Challenger exploded 73 seconds after launch, killing Astronauts Francis R. Scobee, Navy Cmdr Michael J. Smith, Dr. Judith Resnik, Dr. Ronald E. McNair, Air Force Lt Col Ellison S. Onizuka, Gregory Jarvis of Hughes Aircraft Corp., and schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe. This tragedy delayed America's manned space program for more than two years. (21)
1998: Exercise PURPLE DRAGON/Operation BIG DROP. Through 29 January, Air Mobility Command took part in this Joint Task Force exercise by supporting the BIG DROP airborne and air assault operation at Fort Bragg, N. C. More than 60 C-17s, C-130s, and C-141s flew troops and heavy equipment to the Fort Bragg drop zones. More than 30,000 service members from the Air Force, Army, Navy, Marines, and Coast Guard participated. (22)
1999: The DoD cancelled the Lockheed Martin DarkStar unmanned aerial vehicle program. It was designed by and built at Lockheed's Skunk Works facility at Air Force Plant 42 near Palmdale, Calif. (3)
2002: The Chief of Staff of the Air Force, General John P. Jumper, tasked the Test Pilot School at Edwards AFB, Calif., to test and evaluate the T-3A Firefly's suitability for some useful role within the Air Force. The USAF reconditioned the T-3As for the test. (3)
2003: Operation IRAQI FREEDOM. The Air Staff waived the USAF General Flight Rules to allow Air Combat Command to deploy the RQ-4A Global Hawk for this operation. At the time, the Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards AFB, Calif., still had the Global Hawk in developmental testing. (3)
2005: The Air Force Flight Test Center at Edwards AFB, Calif., completed a series of C-130J air drop tests with a Container Delivery System that allowed it to carry up to 40,000 pounds of cargo packed in bundles on wooden pallets. (3)
2006: The Air Force Research Laboratory's Propulsion Directorate conducted the third and final test of an upgraded Atlas V solid propellant rocket booster motor at Edwards AFB, Calif. It fired for nearly 90 seconds and yielded more than 250,000 pounds of thrust. (3)
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