To All,
Good Sunday Morning July 28. I hope that you are all having a great weekend. The weather guessers are shooting for 83 today and it is clear and sunny right now. The two dogs are fine the four cats are also and the chickens are crowing for me to come and let them out and maybe give them a treat.
Warm Regards,
skip
HAGD
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/. Go here to see the director's corner for all 83 H-Grams
This Day in Navy and Marine Corps History:
July 28
1861 During the Civil War, the frigate, USS St. Lawrence, spots a schooner flying English colors and gave chase. Some four hours later, as she is overhauling the schooner, the fleeing vessel runs up the Confederate flag and fires three shots. Firing with her forecastle battery, St. Lawrence hits the vessel twice, once in her bow. Survivors from the sunken vessel reveal it had been the Confederate privateer, Petrel.
1926 USS S-1 surfaces and launches a Cox-Klemin (XS 2) seaplane flown by Lt. D.C. Allen. The submarine recovers the aircraft and submerges, successfully completing an airplane transport on board a submarine.
1943 PBM aircraft (VP 32) sinks German submarine (U 359) south-southwest of Puerto Rico. During her service, (U 359) deploys on three war patrols.
1944 USS Wyman (DE 38) and USS Reynolds (DE 42) sink Japanese submarine (I 55), 400 miles east of Tinian.
1945 USS Callaghan (DD 792) is the last ship sunk by a Japanese kamikaze attack when she hits a radar picket station approximately 50 miles southwest of Okinawa, 25X 43N, 126X 55E. USS Pritchett (DD 561) is also damaged by a near hit from a kamikaze as she assists the destroyer. The kamikaze that hits USS Callaghan is carrying Willow (a primary training biplane), revealing the desperation level of the Japanese. USS Callaghan is named in honor of Medal of Honor recipient, Rear Adm. Daniel J. Callaghan, who died during the naval Battle of Guadalcanal, Nov. 12-13, 1942.
1973 Skylab 3 is launched. The mission is the second to the first U.S. manned space station. The commander of the mission is Capt. Alan L. Bean, USN, the pilot is Maj. Jack R. Lousma, USMC, and the Science Pilot is Owen K. Garriott, a former Navy electronics officer. The mission lasts 59 days, 11 hours and includes 858 Earth orbits. USS New Orleans (LPH 11) recovers the crew.
1984 USNS Salvor (T-ARS-52) is launched at Sturgeon Bay, Wisc. The rescue and salvage ship conducts salvage, diving, towing, off-shore firefighting, heavy lift operations and theater security cooperation missions through the Military Sealift Command.
2000 USNS Watkins (T-ARK 315) is launched at National Steel and Shipbuilding, San Diego, Calif. The large, medium-speed roll-on/roll-off ship is part of the prepositioning program with Military Sealift Command. The ships serve as dry cargo surge sealift carriers. Watkins is named after Army Master Sgt. Travis E. Watkins, who received the Medal of Honor for his actions and leadership during the second Battle of Naktong Bulge during the Korean War.
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Today in world History July 28
1540 Henry VIII of England marries Catherine Howard; Thomas Cromwell is beheaded on Tower Hill in England.
1615 French explorer Samuel de Champlain discovers Lake Huron on his seventh voyage to the New World.
1794 Robespierre is beheaded in France.
1808 Sultan Mustafa of the Ottoman Empire is deposed and his cousin Mahmud II gains the throne.
1835 King Louis-Philippe of France survives an assassination attempt.
1863 Confederate John Mosby begins a series of attacks against General George Meade's Army of the Potomac.
1868 The 14th Amendment to the Constitution, which guarantees citizenship to all those born or naturalized in the United States, is adopted.
1898 Spain, through the offices of the French embassy in Washington, D.C., requests peace terms in its war with the United States.
1914 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, beginning World War I.
1920 Pancho Villa surrenders to the Mexican government.
1932 The Bonus Army of impoverished World War I veterans is violently pushed out of Washington, D.C.
1941 A Japanese army lands on the coast of Cochin, China (modern day Vietnam).
1945 A B-25 bomber crashes into the Empire State Building in New York City, killing 13 people.
1965 President Lyndon Johnson sends an additional 50,000 troops to South Vietnam.
1988 Israeli diplomats arrive in Moscow for the first time in 21 years.
1990 A fire at an electrical substation causes a blackout in Chicago. Some 40,000 people were without power for up to three days.
1996 Discovery of remains of a prehistoric man near Kennewick, Washington, casts doubts on accepted beliefs of when, how and where the Americas were populated.
2005 Britain experiences its most costly tornado to date, causing 40 million Sterling Pounds of damage to Birmingham in just four minutes. There were no fatalities.
2005 The Irish Republican Army (IRA) announces an end to its 30-year armed campaign in Northern Ireland.
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OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT Thanks to the Bear
Skip… For The List for the week beginning Monday, 22 July 2024 and ending Sunday, 28 July 2024… Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT (1968-1972)
From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post for 21 July 1969… The week our astronauts walked on the Moon and Ted Kennedy drove off a bridge and left Mary Jo to drown.
OPERATION COMMANDO HUNT (1968-1972)
(Please note the eye-watering ongoing revamp of the RTR website by Webmaster/Author Dan Heller, who has inherited the site from originators RADM Bear Taylor, USN, Retired, and Angie Morse, "Mighty Thunder")…
To remind folks that these are from the Vietnam Air Losses site that Micro put together. You click on the url below and can read what happened each day to the aircraft and its crew. .Micro is the one also that goes into the archives and finds these inputs and sends them to me for incorporation in the List. It is a lot of work and our thanks goes out to him for his effort.
From Vietnam Air Losses site for "for 28 July
July 28: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=708
Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
(This site was sent by a friend . The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature. https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
By: Kipp Hanley
AUGUST 15, 2022
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From the Archives
thanks to Doctor Rich and Dutch
Thanks to Ed ...
Check the whole list here: http://gangmadhu.blogspot.com/2010/09/history-of-autopilot.html
See a few selected links to complete stories:
• In 1267, english philosopher Roger Bacon describes flying machines in his Opus Majus.
• In 1505, lonardo da Vinci presents in his Codex on the Flight of Birds plans for flying machines, helicopters and light hang gliders.
• In 1670, francesco Lana de Terzi shows a flying ship in his book Prodomo.
• In 1709, Bartolomeu Laurenço de Gusmão demonstrates hot air balloons.
• In 1783, frenchman inventor Jacques Charles makes the first flight with a hydrogen balloon. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and François Laurent make the first Montgolfier hot-air balloon flight.
• In 1785, frenchman Jean-Pierre Blanchard and American John Jeffries cross the English Channel in a balloon.
• In 1797, André Jacques Garnerin jumps with a parachute from a balloon.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/André-Jacques_Garnerin
• In 1843, George Cayley and William Samuel Henson design an aerial carriage.
• In 1852, Frenchman Henri Giffard builds the first steam balloon.
• In 1870, Alphonse Pénaud develops the rubber band helicopter toy.
http://www.flyingmachines.org/pend.html
This is the toy rubber band powered model that inspired the Wright Brothers!!!!
• In 1891, German engineer Otto Lilienthal studies the aerodynamic effects of wing shapes.
• In 1896, Samuel Langley launches his first steam engine-powered unmanned aircraft.
• In 1901, Brazilian Santos-Dumont flies around the Eiffel tower in Paris.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont
• In 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright fly a man-controlled airplane.
• In 1904, German professor of mechanics Ludwig Prandtl researches the aerodynamics of an aircraft wing.
• In 1905, The Flyer III is built by the Wright brothers.
• In 1908, first army pilots. First passenger flight. First female airplane passenger.
• In 1909, Eugène Lefèbvre becomes the first pilot of a powered airplane to be killed in flight. French pilot Louis Bleriot crosses for the first time the English Channel. First rotary-winged aircraft. First woman pilot American Geneve Shaffer.
• In 1910, Walter Brookins sets an altitude record with 6,234 feet.
• In 1911, U.S. Army military flight school is founded. Retractable landing gear is invented.
1912 - First autopilot
http://gangmadhu.blogspot.com/2010/09/history-of-autopilot.html
• In 1913, First aerial advertising aka sky writing.
In 1914, automatic pilot principle discovered, later in airplane timeline 2 this invention will be improved.
• In 1916, altitude record of 16,072 feet was set. The Sperry Aerial Torpedo tests were the first guided missile program in this country.
• In 1916, Lawrence Sperry, developer of the autopilot, formed a new company and set up flying. Nicknamed Bug, the aerial torpedo was launched from a dolly running down a track pointed precisely in the direction of the target.
• In 1917, Aircraft Manufacturers association is established. German mechanics scientist Hugo Junkers creates Junkers J4.
• In 1919, first plane crossing the Atlantic Ocean nonstop, from Newfoundland to Ireland.
• In 1921, first refueling in the air. The pressurized cabin airplane is used.
• In 1924, an airplane flies for the first time over the North Pole.
• In 1927, Charles Lindbergh makes the first solo non-stop trans-Atlantic flight from New York to Paris in the Spirit of St Louis.
• In 1928, the electromechanical flight simulator is invented. First woman crosses the Atlantic Ocean by air.
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From the archives
AMAZING "GLIDER"
Something to do before you settle into golfing, cruising, arts and crafts, etc.
<http://www.youtube.com/embed/L62faWn-sa8>*
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
7 Amazing Facts About Memory
Philosophers and scientists agree: Memories help shape who we are. A lifetime of experiences, cataloged and stored in our brain, helps form internal biographies that orient us throughout our lives — but memory is more complex than a simple chronological record. Different kinds of memories help us achieve different things, and many facets of memory continue to baffle scientists. These seven facts explore the fascinating world of memory, the role it plays in our lives, and some of the mysteries that still surround this psychological process.
There Are Many Types of Memories
Human memory is too complex to be described by just one type — so experts use four categories. Long-term memory is likely the category that comes to mind when you think of "memories," since this type holds important biographical information. This mental category can be further divided into semantic memory, the stuff that helps you recall bits of trivia and other learned skills, and episodic memory, which keeps track of the vital moments of your life.
Another type of memory is sensory memory, which is initially triggered by one of the senses but is incredibly fleeting (interestingly, experts believe all memories first form as sensory memories). There's also short-term memory, the one that's supposed to keep track of your keys. Finally, there's working memory, which helps the brain hold onto small tidbits of information in order to perform cognitive tasks. Some categorize working memory as a type of short-term memory, but it typically lasts longer and is mostly confined to the manipulation of information.
The Brain Can Store 2.5 Petabytes of Information….I guess that is a lot…skip
With the average life span of a U.S. citizen in the upper 70s, that's a lot of time (and a lot of memories) for the brain to process and store — but amazingly, our minds are more than up for the task. Scientists estimate that the human brain can store upwards of 2.5 petabytes of information. A petabyte equals a million gigabytes, so that is a lot of storage space. According to Scientific American, that amount of information is equivalent to recording your television for roughly 3 million hours (which would take roughly 342 years nonstop). It'll be a while before the iPhone can match the amazing memory-storing power of the human mind — brought to you by millions of years of evolution.
Dreaming Is the Result of the Brain Organizing Memories
Theologians and philosophers since time immemorial have tried to make sense of dreams, and the ability to interpret dreams appears in religious texts and pagan myths alike. When a person sleeps, they fluctuate among light, deep, and rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep, and it's during this last phase — which accounts for roughly one-fourth of our sleeping hours — that the brain consolidates memories. If you look at the activity of a person's brain when in REM sleep, it fires as if it's awake, but the chemicals in the brain — such as serotonin, norepinephrine, and histamine — are blocked so we don't injure ourselves by physically acting out our dreams. Research shows that during REM sleep, dreams are a reflection of a biological process wherein the brain strengthens neural connections to important experienced events while ditching the inessential information — all while preserving the integrity of current memories and adding new information. You can kind of think of your brain as a very large filing cabinet, and every night, your brain has to add new files to its ever-growing record system while simultaneously not upsetting its organized methodology.
Babies Form Memories (We Just Don't Remember Them)
Ask anyone to describe their very first memory, and one thing is common — no one remembers their first two years. Scientists sometimes call this biological phenomenon "childhood amnesia," an inability for older children and adults to recall their earliest years on Earth. But this doesn't mean babies don't form memories at all — studies in the '80s and '90s found that within the first few months, infants could form memories that aided in learning and completing simple tasks. The problem is that babies don't form episodic memories (see above), a form of long-term memory that helps us remember details from specific events. When we're between the ages of 2 and 4, our brain's hippocampus — the region responsible for tying fragments of information together — begins to make the necessary neural connections for episodic memory, which is why your very first memories lie somewhere within these toddler years.
Some People Can Recall Every Day of Their Lives
Those blessed with a good memory can still usually conjure only a fuzzy picture of the past, but for people with hyperthymesia (also known as "highly superior autobiographical memory") — a condition that gives the brain the remarkable ability to remember every single day of a person's life since adolescence — memory is both a blessing and curse. In a famous 60 Minutes interview in 2010, one person with hyperthymesia described her exacting recall as effortless, saying, "It's almost as automatic as if you say, 'What is your name and where do you live?'" Name any date, and they'll almost immediately tell you what day of the week it was and what they did that day. But a superhuman memory means remembering things best left forgotten. The first person to ever be identified with this condition, Jill Price, has described the experience as haunting, telling the Seattle Post-Intelligencer in 2008, "I've been through hell in my life." As of 2021, only 60 or so people have been diagnosed with the condition, but their superhuman memories give scientists an unparalleled opportunity to study the still-unknown marvels of the human mind.
We Don't Know If Photographic Memory Exists
While hyperthymesia is real, there is no existing evidence that a "photographic memory" — that is, the ability to recall any previously glimpsed image and examine it in precise detail — actually exists. The belief in this kind of memory may have grown out of the biological fact that humans are generally better at recalling visual material than other forms of information. The only known example of a condition similar to photographic memory is something called "eidetic memory," when someone can hold an incredibly detailed and accurate image in their mind but only for a short time. Strangely, this incredible ability is relatively common in young children and virtually absent in adults, leading scientists to believe that this snapshot memory plays some role in cognitive development in early childhood.
Smell Triggers Particularly Strong Memories
Unlike our other senses, our sense of smell is more directly hardwired into the parts of the brain that deal with memory. Instead of electrical signals being sent to the thalamus as in other senses, smell bypasses this region of the brain and instead travels to the olfactory bulb, which is directly connected to the hippocampus and amygdala — areas of the brain associated with processing memory and emotion. These strong connections are likely why smell can elicit such powerful memories throughout our lives. A study in 2017 found that one part of the olfactory bulb in particular — known as the piriform cortex — is responsible for depositing scents in our long-term memory. This cortex links up with other regions of the brain to determine whether a smell earns a spot in the filing cabinet of our mind. Often, these memories take us back to our childhood, as the recollections tend to be associated with the first time we smelled a certain scent, allowing us to relive those early years, if only briefly.
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From the 2013 archives
Subject: Fwd: Darwin
2013 DARWIN AWARDS
You've been waiting for them with bated breath…here are the 2013 Darwin Awards:
Eighth Place
In Detroit, a 41-year-old man got stuck and drowned in two feet of water after squeezing head first through an 18-inch-wide sewer grate to retrieve his car keys.
Seventh Place
A 49-year-old San Francisco stockbroker, who "totally zoned when he ran", accidentally jogged off a 100-foot high cliff on his daily run.
Sixth Place
While at the beach, Daniel Jones, 21, dug an 8 foot hole for protection from the wind and had been sitting in a beach chair at the bottom, when it collapsed, burying him beneath 5 feet of sand. People on the beach used their hands and shovels trying to get him out but could not reach him. It took rescue workers using heavy equipment almost an hour to free him. Jones was pronounced dead at a hospital.
Fifth Place
Santiago Alvarado, 24, was killed as he fell through the ceiling of a bicycle shop he was burglarizing. Death was caused when the long flashlight he had placed in his mouth to keep his hands free rammed into the base of his skull as he hit the floor.
Fourth Place
Sylvester Briddell, Jr., 26, was killed as he won a bet with friends who said he would not put a revolver loaded with four bullets into his mouth and pull the trigger.
Third Place
After stepping around a marked police patrol car parked at the front door, a man walked into H&J Leather & Firearms intent on robbing the store. The shop was full of customers and a uniformed officer was standing at the counter. Upon seeing the officer, the would-be robber announced a hold-up and fired a few wild shots from a target pistol. The officer and a clerk promptly returned fire, and several customers also drew their guns and fired. The robber was pronounced dead at the scene by Paramedics. Crime scene investigators located 47 expended cartridge cases in the shop. The subsequent autopsy revealed 23 gunshot wounds. Ballistics identified rounds from 7 different weapons. No one else was hurt.
HONORABLE MENTION
Paul Stiller, 47, and his wife Bonnie were bored just driving around at 2 A.M. So they lit a quarter stick of dynamite to toss out the window to see what would happen. Apparently they failed to notice that the window was closed.
RUNNER UP
Kerry Bingham had been drinking with several friends when one of them said they knew a person who had bungee-jumped from a local bridge in the middle of traffic. The conversation grew more excited, and at least 10 men trooped along the walkway of the bridge at 4:30 AM. Upon arrival at the midpoint of the bridge, they discovered that no one had brought a bungee rope. Bingham, who had continued drinking, volunteered and pointed out that a coil of lineman's cable lay nearby. They secured one end around Bingham's leg and then tied the other to the bridge. His fall lasted 40 feet before the cable tightened and tore his foot off at the ankle. He miraculously survived his fall into the icy water and was rescued by two nearby fishermen. Bingham's foot was never located.
AND THE WINNER IS...
Zookeeper Friedrich Riesfeldt ( Paderborn, Germany ) fed his constipated elephant 22 doses of animal laxative and more than a bushel of berries, figs and prunes before the plugged-up pachyderm finally got relief. Investigators say ill-fated Friedrich, 46, was attempting to give the ailing elephant an olive oil enema when the relieved beast unloaded.
The sheer force of the elephant's unexpected defecation knocked Mr. Riesfeldt to the ground where he struck his head on a rock as the elephant continued to evacuate 200 pounds of dung on top of him. It seems to be just one of those freak accidents that proves...sh** happens!
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This Day in U S Military History…….July 28
1863 – Confederate John Mosby began a series of attacks against General Meade's Army of the Potomac as it tried to pursue General Robert E. Lee in Virginia's Shenandoah Valley. Confederate Colonel John S. Mosby was known as "The Gray Ghost." The rather ordinary looking Mosby led his Partisan Rangers in guerilla warfare operations that continually confounded Union commanders in the Piedmont region of Virginia. Learn more about Mosby's Confederacy in Faquier and Loudoun counties.
1863 – Under the command of Lieutenant Commander English, U.S.S. Beauregard and Oleander and boats from U.S.S. Sagamore and Para attacked New Smyrna, Florida. After shelling the town, the Union force "captured one sloop loaded with cotton, one schooner not laden; caused them to destroy several vessels, some of which were loaded with cotton and about ready to sail. They burned large quantities of it on shore. . . . Landed a strong force, destroyed all the buildings that had been occupied by troops." The Union Navy's capability to strike swiftly and effectively at any point on the South's sea perimeter kept the Confederacy off balance.
1942 – Coast Guard J4F Widgeon, CG tail number V-214, piloted by Chief Aviation Pilot Henry White and carrying crewman RM1c Henderson Boggs, attacked a surfaced German submarine off the coast of Louisiana with a single depth charge. After the war, the US Navy credited V-214 with sinking the Nazi sub U-166. White was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross and Boggs was awarded the Air Medal. Nevertheless the U-166 was later learned to have been sunk a few days earlier by a Navy patrol craft. White had actually attacked the U-171, which reported in her war diary as having been attacked by an unidentified aircraft in the very location that White reported attacking a U-boat. The U-171 escaped with no damage.
1943 – President Roosevelt announced the end of coffee rationing.
1943 – On New Georgia the American attack continues. The present objective is Horseshoe Hill. Two Japanese destroyers are sunk by aircraft near Rabaul.
1943 – The Japanese evacuate most of their garrison on Kiska Island with being detected by American forces.
1943 – Nicosia is captured by American troops and Agira is taken by Canadians.
1944 – The first objective of "Operation Cobra" is reached by elements of US 1st Army. The US 4th Armored Division enters Coutances.
1944 – On Guam, American marines occupy much of the Orote Peninsula. Other US forces take Mount Chachao and Mount Alutom in the continuing effort to link up the beachheads.
1944 – LTJG Clarence Samuels became the first African-American to command a "major" Coast Guard vessel since Michael Healy and the first to achieve command of a Coast Guard vessel "during wartime" when he assumed command of the Light Vessel No. 115 on 28 July 1944.
1945 – Premier Suzuki holds a press conference in which he says that the government of Japan will "take no notice" of the Potsdam Declaration. While it is possible that the wording he used was intended to mean "make no comment on for the moment," it is clear that the Japanese government does not intend to surrender immediately and unconditionally, which is the implicit expectation of the Allied declaration.
1945 – Some 2000 Allied planes bomb Kure, Kobe and targets in the Inland Sea. The air strikes sink the Japanese aircraft carrier Amagi, the old cruiser Izumo, the light cruiser Oyodo and a destroyer.
1945 – In a ringing declaration indicating that America's pre-World War II isolation was truly at an end, the U.S. Senate approves the charter establishing the United Nations. In the years to come, the United Nations would be the scene of some of the most memorable Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1919, following the close of World War I, President Woodrow Wilson implored the U.S. Senate to approve the charter for the League of Nations. Postwar isolationism and partisan politics killed U.S. participation in the League, however. In July 1945, with World War II coming to a close, the U.S. Senate indicated the sea change in American attitudes toward U.S. involvement in world affairs by approving the charter for the United Nations by a vote of 89 to 2. President Harry S. Truman was delighted with the vote, declaring, "The action of the Senate substantially advances the cause of world peace." Acting Secretary of State Joseph Grew also applauded the Senate's action, noting, "Millions of men, women and children have died because nations took to the naked sword instead of the conference table to settle their differences." The U.N. charter would provide the "foundation and cornerstone on which the international organization to keep the peace will be built." Once the charter had been ratified by a majority of the 50 nations that hammered out the charter in June 1945, the U.S. Senate formally approved U.S. participation in the United Nations in December 1945. Whether the United Nations became a "foundation and cornerstone" of world peace in the years that followed is debatable, but it was certainly the scene of several notable Cold War confrontations between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1950, with the Russians absent from the U.N. Security Council, the United States pushed through a resolution providing U.N. military assistance to South Korea in the Korean War. And in one memorable moment, during a speech denouncing Western imperialism in 1960, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev took off one of his shoes and pounded his table with it to make his point.
1945 – The Japanese attack American ships around Okinawa, in response to the Allied strikes on Japan. The American destroyer Callaghan is sunk by a Japanese suicide plane. It is the last ship to be destroyed by a Kamikaze attack.
1945 – A twin-engine U.S. Army B-25 bomber crashed into the Empire State Building between the 78th and 79th floors and killed 14 [13] people. The plane's propellers severed elevator cables and sent one on a 38-story fall in which the operator survived. The morning of 911 this is the first thing that I thought of when the news first came in.
1952 – Vice Admiral J. J. Clark, commander of the 7th Fleet, authorized the destroyer USS Orleck to assume the classification "DTS" – "Destroyer, Train Smasher" – after the Orleck destroyed a North Korean train with gunfire.
1972 – In response to Soviet accusations that the United States had conducted a two-month bombing campaign intentionally to destroy the dikes and dams of the Tonkin Delta in North Vietnam, a CIA report is made public by the Nixon administration. The report revealed that U.S. bombing at 12 locations had in fact caused accidental minor damage to North Vietnam's dikes, but the damage was unintentional and the dikes were not the intended targets of the bombings. The nearly 2,000 miles of dikes on the Tonkin plain, and more than 2,000 along the sea, made civilized life possible in the Red River Delta. Had the dikes been intentionally targeted, their destruction would have destroyed centuries of patient work and caused the drowning or starvation of hundreds of thousands of peasants. Bombing the dikes had been advocated by some U.S. strategists since the beginning of U.S. involvement in the war, but had been rejected outright by U.S. presidents sitting during the war as an act of terrorism.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
CLARK, JOHN W.
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant and Regimental Quartermaster, 6th Vermont Infantry. Place and date: Near Warrenton, Va., 28 July 1863. Entered service at: Vermont. Born: 21 October 1830, Montpelier, Vt. Date of issue: 17 August 1891. Citation: Defended the division train against a vastly superior force of the enemy; he was severely wounded, but remained in the saddle for 20 hours afterward until he had brought his train through in safety.
MURPHY, ROBINSON B.
Rank and organization: Musician, Company A, 127th Illinois Infantry. Place and date: At Atlanta, Ga., 28 July 1864. Entered service at: Oswego, Kendall County, Ill. Birth: Oswego, Kendall County, Ill. Date of issue: 22 July 1890. Citation: Being orderly to the brigade commander, he voluntarily led two regiments as reinforcements into line of battle, where he had his horse shot under him.
TORGLER, ERNST
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company G, 37th Ohio Infantry Place and date: At Ezra Chapel, Ga., 28 July 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Germany. Date of issue: 10 May 1894. Citation: At great hazard of his life he saved his commanding officer, then badly wounded, from capture.
MANNING, SIDNEY E.
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army Company G, 167th Infantry, 42d Division. Place and date: Near Breuvannes, France, 28 July 1918. Entering service at: Flomaton, Ala. Born: 17 July 1892, Butler County, Ala. G.O. No.: 44, W.D., 1919. Citation: When his platoon commander and platoon sergeant had both become casualties soon after the beginning of an assault on strongly fortified heights overlooking the Ourcq River, Cpl. Manning took command of his platoon, which was near the center of the attacking line. Though himself severely wounded he led forward the 35 men remaining in the platoon and finally succeeded in gaining a foothold on the enemy's position, during which time he had received more wounds and all but 7 of his men had fallen. Directing the consolidation of the position, he held off a large body of the enemy only 50 yards away by fire from his automatic rifle. He declined to take cover until his line had been entirely consolidated with the line of the platoon on the front when he dragged himself to shelter, suffering from 9 wounds in all parts of the body.
MORGAN, JOHN C. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, U.S. Army Air Corps, 326th Bomber Squadron, 92d Bomber Group. Place and date: Over Europe, 28 July 1943. Entered service at: London, England. Born: 24 August 1914, Vernon, Tex. G.O. No.: 85, 17 December 1943. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty, while participating on a bombing mission over enemy-occupied continental Europe, 28 July 1943. Prior to reaching the German coast on the way to the target, the B17 airplane in which 2d Lt. Morgan was serving as copilot was attacked by a large force of enemy fighters, during which the oxygen system to the tail, waist, and radio gun positions was knocked out. A frontal attack placed a cannon shell through the windshield, totally shattering it, and the pilot's skull was split open by a .303 caliber shell, leaving him in a crazed condition. The pilot fell over the steering wheel, tightly clamping his arms around it. 2d Lt. Morgan at once grasped the controls from his side and, by sheer strength, pulled the airplane back into formation despite the frantic struggles of the semiconscious pilot. The interphone had been destroyed, rendering it impossible to call for help. At this time the top turret gunner fell to the floor and down through the hatch with his arm shot off at the shoulder and a gaping wound in his side. The waist, tail, and radio gunners had lost consciousness from lack of oxygen and, hearing no fire from their guns, the copilot believed they had bailed out. The wounded pilot still offered desperate resistance in his crazed attempts to fly the airplane. There remained the prospect of flying to and over the target and back to a friendly base wholly unassisted. In the face of this desperate situation, 2d Lt. Officer Morgan made his decision to continue the flight and protect any members of the crew who might still be in the ship and for 2 hours he flew in formation with one hand at the controls and the other holding off the struggling pilot before the navigator entered the steering compartment and relieved the situation. The miraculous and heroic performance of 2d Lt. Morgan on this occasion resulted in the successful completion of a vital bombing mission and the safe return of his airplane and crew.
*CARON, WAYNE MAURICE
Rank and organization: Hospital Corpsman Third Class, U.S. Navy, Headquarters and Service Company, 3d Battalion, 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein), FMF. Place and date: Quang Nam Province, Republic of Vietnam, 28 July 1968. Entered service at: Boston, Mass. Born: 2 November 1946, Middleboro, Mass. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as platoon corpsman with Company K, during combat operations against enemy forces. While on a sweep through an open rice field HC3c. Caron's unit started receiving enemy small arms fire. Upon seeing 2 marine casualties fall, he immediately ran forward to render first aid, but found that they were dead. At this time, the platoon was taken under intense small-arms and automatic weapons fire, sustaining additional casualties. As he moved to the aid of his wounded comrades, HC3c. Caron was hit in the arm by enemy fire. Although knocked to the ground, he regained his feet and continued to the injured marines. He rendered medical assistance to the first marine he reached, who was grievously wounded, and undoubtedly was instrumental in saving the man's life. HC3c. Caron then ran toward the second wounded marine, but was again hit by enemy fire, this time in the leg. Nonetheless, he crawled the remaining distance and provided medical aid for this severely wounded man. HC3c. Caron started to make his way to yet another injured comrade, when he was again struck by enemy small-arms fire. Courageously and with unbelievable determination, HC3c. Caron continued his attempt to reach the third marine until he was killed by an enemy rocket round. His inspiring valor, steadfast determination and selfless dedication in the face of extreme danger, sustain and enhance the finest traditions of the U.S. Naval Service.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for July 28, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
28 July
1917: The first American Aero Squadron to arrive for duty with the American Expeditionary Forces, the 29th Provisional (later 400th Construction) Aero Squadron, docked at Liverpool. (18)
1926: Lt C. B. Momsen, commanding submarine S-1, surfaced and launched Lt D.C. Allen in a seaplane. He later recovered the aircraft and submerged to carry out the first complete cycle of experimental operations on basing airplanes aboard submarines. (24)
1930: Instrument flying added to the Army Air Corps Advanced Flying School curriculum at Kelly Field.
1931: Russell N. Boardman and John Polando set a new airline, nonstop, nonrefueled distance record by flying 5,011.8 miles in a Bellanca Monoplane from Floyd Bennett Field to Istanbul, Turkey. They lnded on 30 July. (9) (24)
1934: DISTINGUISHED FLYING CROSS. Maj William E. Kepner and Capts Albert W. Stevens and Orville A. Anderson reached 60,613 feet in altitude in a 3-million-cubic-foot, hydrogenfilled balloon, the Explorer I, during a flight financed by the National Geographic Society. The balloon exploded on descent and he three men had to parachute to safety. They all received the DFC. (24)
1935: Leslie R. Tower, a Boeing test pilot, flew Boeing's Model 299 on its first flight. It was a prototype of the B-17 Flying Fortress. (8: Jul 90)
1938: In a Seversky P-35, Lt Harold L. Neely achieved a 278-MPH average speed and completed a transcontinental flight in 9 hours 54 minutes flying time. His journey, however, took 11 hours 29 minutes in elapsed time with stops. (24) 1943: Eighth Air Force's first long-range fighter escort mission occurred when 100 P-47 Thunderbolts escorted B-17 Flying Fortresses from the Dutch border. (4) MEDAL OF HONOR. During a bombing mission in Europe, numerous enemy fighters attacked and severely damaged Flight Officer John C. "Red" Morgan's B-17. A cannon shell totally shattered the windscreen and split the pilot's skull open, leaving him in a crazed condition. Morgan, as copilot, tried to fly the plane, while struggling with the pilot to keep him from flying the bomber. He continued the flight and for two hours flew in formation with one hand at the controls and the other holding off the pilot until the navigator came in to provide relief. For completing the bombing mission and safely returning to England, on 18 December 1943 Morgan received the Medal of Honor. On 6 March 1944, the German's shot his plane down on the first mission to Berlin. That made him the only Medal of Honor recipient to become a prisoner of war after receiving a Medal of Honor. (Morgan's feat formed the basis of the movie "Twelve O'Clock High") (4)
1950: KOREAN WAR. The first SA-16 Albatross arrived in Japan to provide air rescue service off the Korean coast. (28)
1952: SAC presented its general concept of operations and maintenance for the Snark, Rascal, and Navaho missiles to the Air Force. (6)
1953: A B-47 Stratojet bomber set a nonstop transatlantic speed record by completing the 2,925 miles from Limestone AFB to Fairford, England, in 4 hours 43 minutes. It averaged 618 MPH. (9)
Note when I was there they changed the name to Loring AFB. I remember reading his medal of Honor citation on a plaque as you walked into the officer's Club. I sometimes got to go with my parents to play Bingo there. I tried to get my mind around what kind of courage it took to drive your aircraft into a AAA site to save other's lives after you had been hit. It made a great impression on me in the 6th grade in 1955….Skip
1953 On this day in Air Force History, July 27th:
KOREAN WAR ENDS
1953: UN and Communist representatives signed an armistice at Panmunjom. When it ended, US pilots enjoyed a 10-1 edge in air-to-air combat. US aircrews flew more than 625,000 combat sorties and destroyed 839 MiG-15s, probably destroyed 154 more, and damaged 919 others. FEAF pilots destroyed the North Korean Air Force in the first weeks of the war. They obliterated strategic targets within the first months and conducted an effective interdiction campaign throughout the conflict. FEAF aircraft, including B-29s in a tactical role, wiped out 34,000 vehicles, 276 locomotives, and 3,800 railroad cars. MATS aircraft airdropped another 15,000 tons of supplies and equipment, while medical aircraft airlifted 386,536 patients. The Air Rescue Service also recovered 9,898 UN troops, with 996 saves in the combat zone. SAC's B-29s flew 1,995 reconnaissance and 21,328 effective combat sorties to drop 167,000 tons of bombs on various targets. Air Force casualties numbered 1,729.
1959: The first Atlas D launch took place at Cape Canaveral. (6)
1964: RANGER VII. Cape Kennedy launched the spacecraft on its flight to the moon. On 31 July, the spacecraft took and relayed 4,316 high quality closeup pictures of the lunar surface to earth. It then crashed on the moon near the Sea of Clouds. (26) (16)
1973: Skylab 3 launched from Kennedy Space Center on a two-stage Saturn IB, with Allan L. Bean, Jack R. Lousma, and Dr. Owen K. Garriott. They rendezvoused with the workshop on the fifth orbit, undocked on 25 September, and then separated. The craft splashed down 250 miles southwest of San Diego. Boeing's Compass Cope, the largest RPV in the USAF todate, completed its first flight. (3)
1976: At Edwards AFB, an SR-71 flown by Capt Eldon W. Joersz and Maj George T. Morgan, the RSO, set four world records, including 2,193.64 MPH for the absolute and jet speed records over a 15-25 kilometer straight course. In a second flight, Capt Robert C. Helt and Maj Lang A. Elliot, RSO, flew their SR-71 to 85,069 feet in altitude to set absolute and jet records for altitude in horizontal flight. (1) (3)
1980: Through 30 July, four 3 TFW F-4E Phantoms from Clark AB flew to Tengah AB, Singapore, in the first visit by USAF tactical aircraft to the city-state since 1965. (26)
1999: The Global Hawk completed its longest and most diverse military image-gathering mission for Global Patriot, a joint Army/Air National Guard exercise at the Utah Test and Training Range. The UAV took off from Edwards AFB and flew for 23.9 hours at 66,000 feet. (3)
2001: Aircrews from the 509 BW, 325 BS, at Whiteman AFB flew back-to-back 21-hour sorties in just 45.5 hours using the B-2 "Spirit of Kansas." It performed flybys at the Royal International Air Tattoo at RAF Cottesmore, England, on 28 and 29 July. The crews performed three aerial refuelings, one with a KC-10 and the others with KC-135s, and they practiced a Global Power bombing mission. The maintenance crews at Whiteman performed a quick turn on the aircraft in 3.5 hours. (AFNEWS Article 1133, 18 Aug 2001)
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