To All,
Good Tuesday Morning October 1, 2024. ..Yesterday we had a massive Internet/WiFi failure in our area No TV or internet and I do not know when it was fixed but sometime late yesterday. I hope that you all finally received the list 6965 yesterday. With all the driving and travel and things to do up In Idaho I do not know if I will have time to do the List for the next few days. It may not be until I get home. Have a Great Bubba Breakfast on Friday. .
Regards,
skip
Make it a good Day
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/. Go here to see the director's corner for all 83 H-Grams
Today in Naval and Marine Corps History.
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October 1
1800 - U.S. Schooner Experiment captures French Schooner Diana.
1844 - Naval Observatory headed by LT Matthew Fontaine Maury occupies first permanent quarters.
1874 - Supply Corps purser, LT J. Q. Barton, given leave to enter service of new Japanese Navy to organize a Pay Department and instruct Japanese about accounts. He served until 1 October 1877 when he again became a purser in the U.S. Navy. In 1878, the Emperor of Japan conferred on him the Fourth Class of Rising Sun for his service.
1880 - John Phillip Sousa becomes leader of Marine Corps Band
1928 - First class at school for enlisted Navy and Marine Corps Radio intercept operators (The "On the roof gang")
1937 - Patrol aviation transferred to Aircraft Scouting Force, a reestablished type command. With change five patrol wings were established as separate administrative command over their squadrons.
1946 - Truculent Turtle lands at Columbus, Ohio, breaking world's record for distance without refueling with flight of 11,235 miles.
1949 - Military Sea Transportation Service activated.
1955 - Commissioning of USS Forrestal (CVA-59), first of postwar supercarriers
1979 - President Jimmy Carter awards the Congressional Space Medal of Honor to former naval aviators Neil Armstrong, CAPT Charles Conrad, Jr., USN (Ret.), COL John Glenn, USMC (Ret.), and RADM Alan Shepard, Jr., USN (Ret.)
1980 - USS Cochrane (DDG-21) rescues 104 Vietnamese refugees 620 miles east of Saigon
1990 - USS Independence (CV-62) enters Persian Gulf (first carrier in Persian Gulf since 1974)
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Today in World History
October 1
331BC Alexander the Great decisively shatters King Darius III's Persian army at Gaugamela (Arbela), in a tactical masterstroke that leaves him master of the Persian Empire.
1273 Rudolf of Hapsburg is elected emperor in Germany.
1588 The feeble Sultan Mohammed Shah of Persia, hands over power to his 17-year old son Abbas.
1791 In Paris, the National Legislative Assembly holds its first meeting.
1839 The British government decides to send a punitive naval expedition to China.
1847 Maria Mitchell, American astronomer, discovers a comet and is elected the same day to the American Academy of Arts---the first woman to be so honored. The King of Denmark awarded her a gold medal for her discovery.
1856 The first installment of Gustav Flaubert's novel Madame Bovary appears in the Revue de Paris after the publisher refuses to print a passage in which the character Emma has a tryst in the back seat of a carriage.
1864 The Condor, a British blockade-runner, is grounded near Fort Fisher, North Carolina.
1878 General Lew Wallace is sworn in as governor of New Mexico Territory. He went on to deal with the Lincoln County War, Billy the Kid and write Ben-Hur. His Civil War heroics earned him the moniker Savior of Cincinnati.
1890 Yosemite National Park is dedicated in California.
1908 The Ford Model T, the first car for millions of Americans, hits the market. Over 15 million Model Ts are eventually sold, all of them black.
1942 The German Army grinds to a complete halt within the city of Stalingrad.
1943 British troops in Italy enter Naples and occupy Foggia airfield.
1944 The U.S. First Army begins the siege Aachen, Germany.
1946 Eleven Nazi war criminals are sentenced to be hanged at Nuremberg trials---Hermann Goring, Alfred Jodl, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachin von Ribbentrop, Fritz Saukel, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Julius Streicher, and Alfred Rosenberg.
1947 First flight of F-86 Sabre jet fighter, which would win fame in the Korean War.
1949 Mao Zedong establishes the People's Republic of China.
1957 "In God We Trust" appears on US paper currency as an act to distinguish the US from the officially atheist USSR; the motto had appeared on coins at various times since 1864.
1958 The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) replaces the 43-year-old National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in the US.
1960 Nigeria becomes independent from the UK.
1961 The Federal Republic of Cameroon is formed by the merger of East and West Cameroon.
1962 The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson debuts; Carson will remain The Tonight Show host until 1992.
1964 The first Free Speech Movement protest erupts spontaneously on the University of California, Berkeley campus; students demanded an end to the ban of on-campus political activities.
1964 Japanese "bullet trains" (Shinkansen) begin high-speed rail transit between Tokyo and Osaka.
1971 Walt Disney World opens near Orlando, Florida, the second of Disney's "Magic Kingdoms."
1971 First CT or CAT brain scan performed, at Atkinson Morley Hospital in Wimbledon, London.
1974 Five Nixon aides--Kenneth Parkinson, Robert Mardian, Nixon's Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman, John Ehrlichman, and U.S. Attorney General John Mitchell--go on trial for conspiring to hinder the Watergate investigation.
1975 Legendary boxing match: Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in the "Thrilla in Manila."
1979 US returns sovereignty of the Panama Canal to Panama.
1982 First compact disc player, released by Sony.
1989 Denmark introduces the world's first "civil union" law granting same-sex couples certain legal rights and responsibilities but stopping short of recognizing same-sex marriages.
1991 Siege of Dubrovnik begins in the Croatian War of Independence.
2009 The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom takes over judicial functions of the House of Lords.
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ROLLING THUNDER REMEMBERED Thanks to the Bear … Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…
Thanks to the Bear
. From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com
This following work accounts for every fixed wing loss of the Vietnam War and you can use it to read more about the losses in The Bear's Daily account. Even better it allows you to add your updated information to the work to update for history…skip
Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
(This site was sent by a friend last week and I forgot to forward. The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature. https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
By: Kipp Hanley
AUGUST 15, 2022
(To remind folks that these are from the Vietnam Air Losses site that Micro put together. You click on the url below and can read what happened each day to the aircraft and its crew. .Micro is the one also that goes into the archives and finds these inputs and sends them to me for incorporation in the List. It is a lot of work and our thanks goes out to him for his effort.
From Vietnam Air Losses site for "for 1 and 2 October
1-Oct: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=2347
2-Oct: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=2351
Vietnam Air Losses
Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
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Thanks to mike
Five Pages
How Much Every American Plane in WWII Cost To Build – 24/7 Wall St.
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. Thank to Mugs
Nobel Winner Refutes Climate Change Narrative
From a friend in Austin.
Mugs
A little long but worth the time to read to get a different perspective on climate change.
Charlie
Nobel Winner Refutes Climate Change Narrative, Points Out Ignored Factor
By Jan Jekielek and Mimi Nguyen Ly
9/9/2023
Nobel Prize laureate John Clauser has recently been in the spotlight for challenging prevailing climate models, which he said have ignored a key variable.
Mr. Clauser, who was a recipient of the 2022 Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to quantum mechanics, holds degrees from Caltech and Columbia University. He has served in roles at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and the University of California–Berkeley. In 2010, he was honored with a portion of the Wolf Prize in Physics.
Recently, Mr. Clauser joined another Nobel laureate and more than 1,600 professionals in signing the World Climate Declaration (WCD) organized by Climate Intelligence. This declaration asserts that there's no "climate emergency," that climate change science isn't conclusive, and that the Earth's history over thousands of years shows a consistently changing climate.
In an interview with The Epoch Times' "American Thought Leaders," Mr. Clauser voiced his reservations about current climate research quality and contended that U.S. climate policies are misguided.
Clouds
Prominent climate reports, such as those by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), National Academy of Sciences, and The Royal Society, emphasize the role of CO2 but miss the mark on the critical role of clouds in the climate system, according to Mr. Clauser.
His curiosity about clouds began when he was a sailboat racer.
Mr. Clauser said: "I raced across the Pacific Ocean at least a dozen times. I had set up the boat with solar panels to charge the batteries. ... I had an ammeter on the power output from the solar panels, and I noticed every time we sailed under a cloud, the output from the solar panels dropped by 50 percent to half of its value that it was, and then we came out from behind the cloud and boom, their power went back up. And I thought, 'I wonder why it's just about a factor of two.'
"This is how I became very curious as to how clouds work. When the climate issues came along, I very quickly realized that cloud cover has a profound effect on the earth's heat input that the clouds are reflecting a massive amount of light back out into space.
"And so I read all of the various IPCC reports, National Academy reports on this. As a physicist, I'd worked at some excellent institutions—Caltech, Columbia, Cal Berkeley—where very careful science needed to be done. And reading these reports, I was appalled at how sloppy the work was. And in particular, it was very obvious, even in the earliest reports, and all carried on through to the present, that clouds were not at all understood. ... It's just simply bad science."
Mr. Clauser highlighted insights from former President Barack Obama's science adviser, Steve Koonin. In Mr. Koonin's book, "Unsettled: What Climate Science Tells Us, What It Doesn't, and Why It Matters," the author noted the inconsistency of the IPCC's 40 computer models, emphasizing their inability to explain the past century's climate and suggesting that these models lack a crucial piece of physics.
'The Missing Piece'
"I believe I have the missing piece of the puzzle that has been left out in virtually all of these computer programs," Mr. Clauser said. "And that is the effect of clouds."
Many theories of anthropogenic climate change naturally focus on the effects of human-produced CO2, but he said these models overlook the significance of cloud dynamics.
Mr. Clauser referenced the 2003 National Academy report, which he said "totally admitted" its lack of understanding about clouds and made "a whole series of mistaken statements regarding the effects of clouds."
Referring to former Vice President Al Gore's film, "An Inconvenient Truth," Mr. Clauser said, "[Mr. Gore] insists on talking about a cloud-free Earth." According to Mr. Clauser, this cloudless portrayal of the earth reflects the approach taken by many in the climate science community.
"That's a totally artificial Earth," he said. "It is a totally artificial case for using a model, and this is pretty much what the IPCC and others use—a cloud-free Earth."
Mr. Clauser pointed out that satellite images consistently show wide variances in cloud cover, which can span anywhere from 5 to 95 percent of the Earth's surface.
"The cloud cover fraction fluctuates quite dramatically on daily weekly timescales. We call this weather. You can't have weather without having clouds," he said.
Clouds play a significant role in regulating the Earth's temperature, serving as a "cloud-sunlight-reflectivity thermostat" that "controls the climate, controls the temperature of the Earth, and stabilizes it very powerfully and very dramatically," according to Mr. Clauser.
Because they make up two-thirds of the Earth's surface, oceans are instrumental in cloud formation, he said.
Minimal clouds result in heightened sunlight exposure to the ocean, triggering increased evaporation and subsequent cloud formation, resulting in more clouds. Abundant clouds reduce this sunlight, thus curbing evaporation rates and cloud formation, resulting in fewer clouds, according to Mr. Clauser.
This balance acts like a natural thermostat for the earth's temperature, he said.
Mr. Clauser contends that this "thermostat" mechanism has a vastly greater influence on Earth's temperature than the effect of CO2 or methane. He presented to The Epoch Times preliminary calculations that suggest that the effect of this cloud-reflectivity mechanism might overshadow CO2's influence by 100 or even 200 times.
All clouds, irrespective of their altitude or type, appear bright white when viewed from the direction of the sun, according to Mr. Clauser. They usually reflect almost 90 percent of incoming sunlight, he said. The reflectivity fraction is referred to as albedo. The albedo has been inaccurately kept constant in various climate models, according to Mr. Clauser.
He said he finds it baffling that these significant variations, ranging from 5 to 95 percent cloud cover, have been overlooked.
Mr. Clauser also said clouds are integral to weather dynamics, yet current climate models, whose authors "admit up front that their models cannot predict weather," have been wielded to foretell drastic climatic shifts, including "climate crisis apocalypse."
The term "climate" refers to weather condition averages over the long term, usually at least 30 years. While reliable weather forecasts are limited to about a week with standard weather prediction models, which take into account the role of clouds, Mr. Clauser pointed out a contradiction noted in Mr. Koonin's book: Just a 5 percent rise in cloud cover can largely counterbalance the temperature effect of doubling atmospheric CO2. Despite such nuances, the IPCC's models persistently assume constant albedo and ignore the vast cloud cover variations, according to Mr. Clauser
'Very Dishonest Disinformation'
Mr. Clauser observed that the drive to address human-induced climate change is increasingly shaping political agendas and influencing the strategic direction of entire nations.
"The whole world is doing all of this. A lot of the pressure is actually coming from Europe, all of these various world conferences," he said, speculating that much of this push might have its roots in Mr. Gore's "An Inconvenient Truth," which he feels has incorporated inaccurate science.
Mr. Gore's film claims that humanity is triggering a dire climate crisis that necessitates global action. But Mr. Clauser said that "'climate change' is actually very dishonest disinformation that has been presented by various politicians."
He pinpointed a 2013 Physics Today article (pdf) by Jane Lubchenco and Thomas Karl as pivotal in shaping the narrative, especially during the period when "global warming" was being rebranded as "climate change."
"The reason that was given was, 'Well, because it's really more than just warming,'" he said. The article champions a "U.S. Climate Extremes Index," claiming that anthropogenic climate change led to a significant increase in extreme weather events over the three decades ending in 2012.
The index is supposedly backed by a century's worth of data from the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) and is said to combine various metrics, including floods, hurricanes, and droughts.
Curiously, Mr. Clauser noted, the index leaves out the frequency of EF3-plus tornadoes—perhaps because, as highlighted by Mr. Koonin in his book, those were on a noticeable decline.
"This, in my opinion, is a rather egregious breach of honesty by the U.S. government by NOAA," Mr. Clauser said.
He used data from the article and plotted it chronologically and also in reverse. He observed that the two plots were virtually indistinguishable, challenging the assertion of an obvious rise in the index.
"Are you really willing to bet trillions of dollars that you know which [plot] is right? ... Is it really increasing? It is clearly not," Mr. Clauser said.
"Not only, as I understand it, are these extreme weather events not increasing, but our ability to mitigate them has increased. So they're just not as much of an issue.
"This worry about CO2, the worry about methane, the worry about global warming, is all a total fabrication by shock journalists and/or dishonest politicians."
He said he even agrees with the CO2 Coalition, which argues that CO2 is a beneficial gas.
"Historically, for example, when dinosaurs roamed the earth, the CO2 levels were 10 times bigger than what we are experiencing right now," Mr. Clauser said. "Dinosaurs couldn't have survived on this earth with this low CO2 level [today], because you don't grow trees fast enough and foliage fast enough to feed them.
"Promoting CO2 as being actually a beneficial gas, as far as I can tell, there's nothing wrong with [that]. And in particular, as I have just mentioned earlier, it is not at all significant in controlling the earth's climate."
He criticized U.S. government efforts to reduce CO2 and methane as a colossal misuse of resources better allocated for humanitarian endeavors. Such initiatives "should be stopped immediately," he said.
"[It's] a total waste of money and time and effort. It is strangling industry," Mr. Clauser said.
But he said he isn't holding his breath.
"My suspicion is what I am saying here will be totally ignored because people don't like being told that they've made big mistakes of this magnitude," Mr. Clauser said.
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
10 Amazing Facts about the Moon
The moon has long captured our imaginations. It's embedded deep in mythology around the world, and even became the first calendar for many ancient people. But our connection to the moon goes even deeper — its symbiotic relationship with the planet Earth is unique within the solar system, and without it, we might not even exist. These 10 facts about our nearest lunar neighbor just might deepen your appreciation for Earth's one and only natural satellite.
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The Moon Is Bigger Than Pluto
Pluto, Discovered in 1930 by Clyde Tombaugh. If you were in grade school before 2006, when the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto, you may still think of it as a full-fledged planet. While the classification isn't, technically, entirely about size, it's hard to overstate just how itty-bitty Pluto is. Its radius is only about 715 miles, compared to a mean radius for the moon of about 1,080 miles.
Some other moons even outrank full-fledged planets, size-wise. Our solar system's two largest moons, Jupiter's Ganymede and Saturn's Titan, are both larger than Mercury!
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The Moon Is 27% the Size of Earth
While Earth's moon is only the fifth-largest moon in the solar system, everything changes when we grade on a curve: At more than a quarter the size of Earth, our moon is, by far, the biggest when compared to its planet. According to NASA, if the Earth were a nickel, the moon would be the size of a coffee bean.
This gives our moon an outsize influence on our planet compared to others, in ways that almost seem magic — but are very much real.
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The Moon Causes the Tides to Change
Not only does the moon influence the tides, but we wouldn't even have tides without the moon. Its gravitational pull tugs up the water on the sides of the Earth facing and opposite the moon. This action is called tidal force. The moon's gravity also affects land, but not nearly as much as water.
Forces besides the moon influence tidal patterns, too. Since the Earth isn't entirely covered in water, land masses can affect how dramatic the tides get. The sun can have its own effects on tides, too, although it's not as noticeable until the sun, moon, and Earth line up for a new moon or a full moon, causing tides to get much bigger.
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The Moon Helps Stabilize Earth
The moon's unique relationship with the Earth, it turns out, is crucial for preventing and slowing major, deadly climate shifts — at least the naturally occurring ones. The moon's large mass helps keep Earth from tilting too quickly, preventing the kind of wobbles that created dramatic climate conditions on Mars. It could be that larger moons are one of the factors a planet needs to create and sustain life.
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The "Moon Is Made of Cheese" Myth Is a Millenia-Old Joke
Today, the idea of the moon being made of cheese is a deeply -embedded fanciful trope appearing in everything from children's books to B-movies to tasty snacks. It's central to the premise of the Wallace and Gromit cartoon "A Grand Day Out." But where did this cutesy reference to the moon's appearance come from?
There's no evidence of a widespread historical belief that the moon was actually made of cheese. Its origins lie in various folktales passed down in many cultures' oral traditions. In some, a fox tricks a wolf into believing the reflection of the moon in a well is cheese, which convinces him to dive in. In others, it's a human simpleton who dives into the well. The Aarne-Thompson Index, a folktale classification system, even has specific listings for "the Wolf Dives Into the Water to Eat Reflected Cheese" (34) and "Diving for Cheese" (1336). Variations of these myths appear all over the world, from the Zulu Kingdom to the Scottish Highlands. Typically, the person or creature thinking the moon is cheese is the butt of the joke.
"The Moon Is Made of Green Cheese" (referring to the freshness of the cheese, not its color) evolved into a figure of speech describing an easily duped person (think "I have a bridge to sell you") as early as 1546, when it appeared in a proverb by English writer John Heywood. The trope remained incredibly common for centuries to come.
The term has also been used as a variation of "when pigs fly," as in German playwright Bertolt Brecht's play Good Person of Szechwan.
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The Moon Is Deeply Scarred From Asteroids and Comets
Celestial bodies crash into the moon all the time, creating its somewhat chaotic surface. Often, these meteors are the size of a speck of dust, but larger collisions are not uncommon. During the 2019 total supermoon eclipse, casual observers and professionals alike caught the tiny flash of a meteoric impact, which caused an explosion roughly equivalent to 1.7 tons of TNT.
Debris that size hits the moon roughly once a week, and NASA's Lunar Resistance Orbiter has tracked more than two dozen new impact craters since 2009. The lunar proximity to Earth means the same stuff that's hitting the moon is whizzing past us, too — but without an atmosphere, the moon is much more vulnerable.
Of course, the bigger scars are from bigger impacts, and we're still seeing some of those today. In 2014, Spanish astronomers observed an 800-pound meteorite crash into the moon's surface. Researchers with the Southwest Research Institute, University of Toronto, and University of Southampton were able to date some of the moon's larger craters in 2019, and later created a one-minute visualization of their research with music that corresponds to each impact.
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12 People Have Walked on the Moon
The most famous moonwalkers are probably the first two, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, who made their historic mission in 1969. But that was just the first of many crewed lunar landings in the Apollo program over a three-year period. All together, 12 people have walked on the moon so far. But nobody has set foot there since Apollo 17 in 1972 — and so far, only American white men have had the opportunity.
Another 12 astronauts reached the moon without walking on it, including the crews of Apollo 8 and Apollo 10, which orbited the moon without landing. Others were on later missions, but had different tasks, like Michael Collins, who stayed in orbit 60 miles above the moon during Apollo 11, making sure they could all get home safely, while Armstrong and Aldrin went to the surface.
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Scientists Think a Collision of Two Planets Created the Earth and Moon
While there are many theories regarding its origins, the most widely accepted one is that the moon arose after a protoplanet approximately the size of modern Mars crashed into the Earth about 4.5 billion years ago, knocking loose debris from both bodies that would gradually become the moon. New research (as of 2021) proposes that there were actually two impacts: one extremely fast one that knocked the material away, and another slower one that helped merge the debris.
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The Moon Is Darker-Looking on the Earth Side
You've heard the phrase "the dark side of the moon," referring to the side that's not facing Earth. Technically, the sun shines on both sides of the moon — but the majority of those dark, mottled patches — actually expanses of solidified lava called lunar seas, or maria — are on the near side. At more than 1,600 miles wide, Oceanus Procellarum, or Ocean of Storms, on the western edge of the near moon, is the largest of them all.
These vast plains of basalt come from volcanic activity, but the exact mechanism of their formation is still being studied. Some were created or at least helped along by asteroid impacts, but that's not the whole story either, since similar hits typically don't get the same reaction on the far side.
This isn't to say that the far side is pristine. It's heavily pockmarked with impact craters.
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The Man in the Moon Comes From Lunar Seas
There are many lunar seas smaller than the Ocean of Storms, and several of these, along with brighter lunar highlands, make up the face that some people in the Northern Hemisphere see on the surface of the full moon.
Your mileage may vary depending on where you live and how your brain sees things, but usually the Mare Serenitatis (Sea of Serenity) is one of the eyes. The other eye is formed by the Mare Imbrium, or Sea of Showers, immediately to the west.
The nose, appropriately, is not a mare, but a sinus, or bay: Sinus Aestuum, or Bay of Seething. The mouth, which is open to interpretation but sometimes described as "grinning," is a combination of Mare Nubium (Sea of Clouds) and Mare Cognitum (Sea That Has Become Known). In the Southern Hemisphere, the moon is flipped vertically, and many people see the Northern Hemisphere "face" as a rabbit. But some see a more joyful little face, too: Mare Frigoris, or Sea of Cold, could be seen as a much more defined grin.
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This Day in U S Military History……. October 1
1874 – Supply Corps purser, LT J. Q. Barton, given leave to enter service of new Japanese Navy to organize a Pay Department and instruct Japanese about accounts. He served until 1 October 1877 when he again became a purser in the U.S. Navy. In 1878, the Emperor of Japan conferred on him the Fourth Class of Rising Sun for his service.
1878 – General Lew Wallace was sworn in as governor of New Mexico Territory. He went on to deal with the Lincoln County War, Billy the Kid and wrote Ben-Hur.
1942 – Bell P-59 Airacomet fighter, 1st US jet, made its maiden flight. Development of the P-59, America's first jet-propelled airplane, was ordered personally by General H. H. Arnold on September 4, 1941. The project was conducted under the utmost secrecy, with Bell building the airplane and General Electric the engine. The first P-59 was completed in mid-1942 and it made its initial flight at Muroc Dry Lake (now Edwards Air Force Base), California. One year later, the airplane was ordered into production, to be powered by I-14 and I-16 engines, improved versions of the original I-A. Bell produced 66 P-59s. Although the airplane's performance was not spectacular and it never got into combat, the P-59 provided training for AAF personnel and invaluable data for subsequent development of higher performance jet airplanes.
1946 – Twelve Nazi war criminals were sentenced to be hanged at Nuremberg trials– Karl Donitz, Hermann Goring, Alfred Jodl, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Wilhelm Keitel, Joachin von Ribbentrop, Fritz Saukel, Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Julius Streicher, and Alfred Rosenberg. Karl Donitz was sentenced to 10 years in prison.
1947 – The North American F-86 Sabre flies for the first time. The North American F-86 Sabre — sometimes called the Sabrejet — was a transonic jet fighter aircraft. Produced by North American Aviation, the Sabre is best known as the United States' first swept wing fighter which could counter the similarly-winged Soviet MiG-15 in high-speed dogfights over the skies of the Korean War (1950-53). Considered one of the best and most important fighter aircraft in that war, the F-86 is also rated highly in comparison with fighters of other eras. Although it was developed in the late 1940s and was outdated by the end of the '50s, the Sabre proved versatile and adaptable, and continued as a front-line fighter in numerous air forces until the last active operational examples were retired by the Bolivian Air Force in 1994. Its success led to an extended production run of more than 7,800 aircraft between 1949 and 1956, in the U.S., Japan and Italy. Variants were built in Canada and Australia. The Sabre was by far the most-produced Western jet fighter, with total production of all variants at 9,860 units.
1955 – Commissioning of USS Forrestal (CVA-59), first of postwar supercarriers. Forrestal (CVA-59) was launched 11 December 1954 by Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co. Newport News, Va.; sponsored by Mrs. James V Forrestal, widow of Secretary Forrestal; and commissioned 1 October 1955, Captain R. L. Johnson i n command. From her home port, Norfolk, Va., Forrestal spent the first year of her commissioned service in intensive training operations off the Virginia Capes and in the Caribbean. An important assignment was training aviators in the use of her advance d facilities, a duty on which she often operated out of Mayport, Fla. On 7 November 1956, she put to sea from Mayport to operate in the eastern Atlantic during the Suez Crisis ready to enter the Mediterranean should her great strength be necessary. She returned to Norfolk 12 December to prepare for her first deployment with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean, for which she sailed 15 January 1957. On this, as on her succeeding tours of duty in the Mediterranean, Forrestal visited many ports to allow dignitaries and the general public to come aboard and view the tremendous power for peace she represented. For military observers, she staged underway demonstrations to illustrate her capacity to bring air power to and from the sea in military operations on any scale. She returned to Norfolk 22 July 1957 for exercises off the North Carolina coast in preparation for her first NATO Operation, "Strikeback," in the North Sea. This deployment, between 3 September and 22 October, found her visiting Southampton England, as well as drilling in the highly important task of coordinating United States naval power with that of other NATO nations. The next year found Forrestal participating in a series of major fleet exercises, as well as taking part in experimental flight operations. During the Lebanon Crisis of summer 1958, the great carrier was again called upon to operate in the ea stern Atlantic to back up naval operations in the Mediterranean. She sailed from Norfolk 11 July to embark an air group at Mayport 2 days later, then patrolled the Atlantic until returning to Norfolk 17 July. On her second tour of duty in the Mediterranean, from 2 September 1958 to 12 March 1959, Forrestal again combined a program of training, patrol, and participation in major exercises with ceremonial, hospitality and public visiting. Her guest list during this cruise was headed by Secretary of Defense N. H. McElroy. Returning to Norfolk, she continued the never ending task of training new aviators, constantly maintaining her readiness for instant reaction to any demand for her services brought on by international events. Visitors during the year included King Hussein of Jordan. Forrestal was decommissioned September 11, 1993.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day October 1
KEEN, JOSEPH S.
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company D, 13th Michigan Infantry. Place and date: Near Chattahoochee River, Ga., 1 October 1864. Entered service at: Detroit, Mich. Born: 24 July 1843, England. Date of issue: 4 August 1899. Citation: While an escaped prisoner of war within the enemy's lines witnessed an important movement of the enemy, and at great personal risk made his way through the enemy's lines and brought news of the movement to Sherman's army.
CLANCY, JAMES T.
Rank and organization: Sergeant, Company C, 1st New Jersey Cavalry. Place and date: At Vaughn Road, Va., 1 October 1864. Entered service at: ——. Birth: Albany, N.Y. Date of issue: 3 July 1865. Citation: Shot the Confederate Gen. Dunovant dead during a charge, thus confusing the enemy and greatly aiding in his repulse.
SCHWAN, THEODORE
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, 10th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At Peebles Farm, Va., 1 October 1864. Entered service at: New York. Born: 9 July 1841, Germany. Date of issue: 12 December 1898. Citation: At the imminent risk of his own life, while his regiment was falling back before a superior force of the enemy, he dragged a wounded and helpless officer to the rear, thus saving him from death or capture.
WRIGHT, ROBERT
Rank and organization: Private, Company G, 14th U.S. Infantry. Place and date: At Chapel House, Farm, Va., 1 October 1864. Entered service at: Woodstock, Conn. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 25 November 1869. Citation: Gallantry in action.
THOMPSON, JOSEPH H.
Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Army, 110th Infantry, 28th Division. Place and date: Near Apremont, France, 1 October 1918. Entered service at: Beaver Falls, Pa. Born: 26 September 1871, Kilkeel, County Down, Ireland. G.O. No.: 21, W.D., 1925. Citation: Counterattacked by 2 regiments of the enemy, Maj. Thompson encouraged his battalion in the front line of constantly braving the hazardous fire of machineguns and artillery. His courage was mainly responsible for the heavy repulse of the enemy. Later in the action, when the advance of his assaulting companies was held up by fire from a hostile machinegun nest and all but 1 of the 6 assaulting tanks were disabled, Maj. Thompson, with great gallantry and coolness, rushed forward on foot 3 separate times in advance of the assaulting line, under heavy machinegun and antitank-gun fire, and led the 1 remaining tank to within a few yards of the enemy machinegun nest, which succeeded in reducing it, thereby making it possible for the infantry to advance.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for October 1, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
1 October
1907: At Mrs. Bell's suggestion, Dr. Alexander Graham Bell formed the Aerial Experiment Association at his summer home in Beinn Breagh, Baddeck, Nova Scotia. The association included Dr. Bell, Frederick W. "Casey" Baldwin, John A. "Douglas" McCurdy, Glenn Curtiss, and Thomas E. Selfridge. (24)
1942: KEY EVENT. Robert M. Stanley flew the Bell XP-59A, the first U.S. turbojet aircraft, for the first time at Muroc Field. (21)
1947: North American's prototype F-86 Sabre (XP-86) first flew at Muroc Dry Lake. (20) (24)
1951: KOREAN WAR/Operation SNOWBALL. In an experiment, through 3 October C-119s from the 315 AD dropped 55-gallon drums filled with napalm behind enemy lines. (28) The USAF activated the 1st Pilotless Bomber Squadron at the Missile Test Center, Cocoa, Fla.
1952: Operation FOX PETER TWO: Through 14 October, in a second mass flight, 75 F-84Gs of the 27 FW, with Col Donald Blakeslee leading, extended air refueling over the western Pacific. The first refueling occurred between California and Hawaii and the second the 2,575 miles between Midway Island and Japan. The Fox Peter operations proved that fighters could be moved to the Orient quickly by air to avoid the corrosion potential of water transport. (18)
1955: The Navy started the super carrier age by commissioning the USS Forrestal, the first designed for jet aircraft. (7)
1957: USAF personnel launched their first intercontinental missile, the XSM-62 Snark, in a flight from Cape Canaveral. (16) (24) TAC received its first F-104C. General Thomas S. Power, the CINCSAC, decided to begin ground alert operations to counter the Soviet ICBM threat. Through 2 October, a Transworld Airlines Jetstream made the first nonstop flight over the Great Circle route from London to San Francisco.
1960: The Ballistic Missile Early Warning System radar post at Thule, Greenland, began operations. It was one of three planned warning sites against enemy attacks on North America. (16) (24) SAC activated the last Atlas E squadron, the 549 SMS, at Francis E. Warren AFB. (6)
1961: The last Atlas F squadron, the 556 SMS, activated at Plattsburgh AFB, N.Y. It was also the last unit activated for the Atlas program. (6)
1963: In a ski-equipped Lockheed C-130 Hercules aircraft, Rear Admiral James R. Reedy (USN) made the first transpolar, nonstop flight from Capetown, South Africa, to McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. This flight covered 4,700 miles in 14 hours 31 minutes and crossed the entire Antarctic continent. (5) (16)
1964: SAC phased out its Atlas-D program by taking the last missile off alert in the 549 SMS at Offutt AFB. (6) Exercise TROPIC LIGHTNING. Through 16 December, the first Tropic Lightning exercise provided live close air support training to soldiers from the 25th Infantry Division on Hawaii. The 18 TFW at Kadena AB sent six F-105Ds to Kaneohe Marine Corps Air Station to participate in the training. They were replaced in late October by six F-105Ds from the 560 TFG at McConnell AFB. (17)
1965: When the USAF Aeronautical Station inactivated at Yokota, a 30-year era of Morse code in the USAF came to an end. Begun in 1935 with the creation of the Aeronautical (Airways) Station - Network, expanded greatly thereafter, and gradually reduced after the close of World War II, the requirement for this type of long-range communication ended with the transfer of WB-50 weather reconnaissance aircraft from Japan. Mariner IV, after broadcasting from a record distance of 191,059,922 miles in space, had its telemetry transmission halted by a radio command from the Goldstone Space Communications Station. The 1502 ATW logged its 600,000th accident-free flying hour, a record in aviation history. (16)
1968: REFORGER/CRESTED CAP. MAC moved 33,043 passengers and 3,796 tons of cargo during a four-month airlift to support this exercise. The airlift moved military personnel, dependents, and equipment from Germany to the US. (16)
1969: The C-5A Galaxy, world's largest aircraft at the time, took off from Edwards AFB with a 410,000-payload, heaviest ever carried by any aircraft. This load was also 21,000 pounds heavier than the C-5A's designed lift capability, and 28,100 pounds heavier than the record it set on 15 June.
1970: TAC made the bare-base concept a reality by establishing the first operationally-ready "heavy bare" squadron, the 336 TFS at Seymour Johnson AFB, NC. (16)
1971: General John D. Ryan, the CSAF, presented the 1970 Cheney Award to Maj Travis Wofford for an act of heroism performed as a helicopter pilot in SEA. (16)
1972: The USAF inactivated the last BOMARC missile squadron. These squadrons started operating in 1969.
1977: VOLANT OAK. The Air Force began a quarterly rotation of AFRES and ANG C-130 aircraft and crews to Howard AFB, Panama Canal Zone. (21)
1980: Operation ELF ONE. Four E-3A AWACS deployed to Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, to protect Saudi airspace during the Iraq-Iran war. C-141s airlifted supplies and personnel for the operation, while two KC-135s based at the Riyadh Royal Saudi AB refueled the E-3s. (4) (18)
1981: ATC conducted the first Euro-NATO Jet Pilot Training class at Sheppard AFB. The program provided combined pilot training for candidates from NATO nations. (16) 1981: At Mather AFB, ATC began a special program to train German weapons systems officers for duty in the Tornado fighter-bomber. (16) (26)
1983: The Air Force retired the B-52D from its inventory of operational aircraft. This aircraft performed most of the ARC LIGHT bombing missions in SEA from
1966 through 1973. (See 4 October 1983) (1)
1984: Peacekeeper test missile-6 launched at Vandenberg AFB. (12)
1986: The B-1 achieved initial operating capability at Dyess AFB, Texas. (16)
1987: PACAF retired its last T-33 two seat training aircraft. The retirement of 7 T-33 T-Birds at Hickam and 7 more at Clark AB ended 32 years of operations in the command. (16)
1990: AFSC turned Patrick AFB and the space-launch mission to AFSPACE. (21)
1991: MAC C-5s and C-141s delivered two Patriot antimissile batteries to Saudi Arabia to counter a threat from Iraq. (18)
1992: PACAF and USAFE assumed control of intratheater aeromedical airlift forces based in their theaters of operation from AMC. (18)
1993: The AFRES activated its first B-52 unit, the 93d Bomb Squadron, at Barksdale AFB. (16) (26) ACC and AMC swapped aircraft assets. In this exchange, ACC received C-130 Hercules from AMC in return for KC-135 Stratotankers. (16)
1999: The USAF deployed Aerospace Expeditionary Force (AEF) 1 to Southwest Asia. It was the first AEF to deploy under a new rotational system for 10 AEFs. The deployment integrated ANG and the Air Force Reserve with the active duty air forces. Prior to the deployment, the ANG had agreed to supply 10 percent of the planes and personnel for each AEF. (21) (32) The first ANG pilot with Detachment 1, Southeast Air Defense Sector, began flying with the activeduty 325th Fighter Wing at Tyndall AFB, Fla., under a new program to have ANG flight instructors train new active duty F-15 pilots.
2002: Gen John P. Jumper, USAF Chief of Staff (CSAF), ordered the deactivation of the Peacekeeper ICBM system. (21)
2007: The Air Force redesignated the 27th Fighter Wing at Cannon AFB, N. Mex., as the 27th Special Operations Wing. Thus, the 27th became the second active-duty special operations wing in the Air Force Special Operations Command. The 73d Special Operations Squadron's MC-130W Combat Spear aircraft was the first plane to move from Hurlburt Field, Fla., to Cannon. The MC-130W handled infiltration, exfiltration, and the resupply of special operations forces, while providing refueling capability for special operations vertical-lift assets like the CV-22 Osprey. (AFNEWS, "New Chapter for Air Force Special Operations Begins," 4 Oct 2007.)
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