The List 7275
To All,
.Good Monday morning August 25-….overcast and a cool 67 this morning. Clearing by noon and heating up to 86 by 1 .
I got home by late afternoon from Tailhook. It was a great time and ran into many old friends. I also have a number of new List members. Welcome to you all.
Regards
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.HAGD
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/. Go here to see the director's corner for all 92 H-Grams
Today in Naval and Marine Corps History
1864 CSS Tallahassee, commanded by Cmdr. John Taylor Wood, returns to Wilmington, N.C. to refuel on coal. During her more than two week raid, CSS Tallahassee destroys 26 vessels and captures seven others.
1927 USS Los Angeles (ZR 3) rises to a near-vertical position due to the sudden arrival of a cold air front that lifts the airships tail, causing it to rise before she can swing around the mast parallel to the new wind direction. Los Angeles only suffers minor damage but the affair demonstrates the risks involved with high mooring masts.
1943 Depth charges from USS Patterson (DD 392) sink the Japanese submarine RO-35, 170 miles southeast of San Cristobal Island, Solomon Islands.
1944 USS Picuda (SS 382), in attack on Japanese convoy at the western entrance to the Babuyan Channel, sinks destroyer Yunagi 20 miles north-northeast of Cape Bojeador, Philippines and merchant tanker Kotoku Maru.
1951 23 fighters from USS Essex (CV 9) escort Air Force heavy bombers in an attack on Najin, Korea due to the target being beyond range of land-based fighters.
2017 Hurricane Harvey Strikes the Texas Gulf Coast. The Navy responds by sending 10 aircraft to provide humanitarian assistance that lasts until Sept. 4.
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This Day In World History August 25
0357 Julian Caesar defeats the Alamanni at Strasbourg in Gaul.
1346 Edward III of England defeats Philip VI's army at the Battle of Crecy in France.
1758 The Prussian army defeats the invading Russians at the Battle of Zorndorf.
1765 In protest over the stamp tax, American colonists sack and burn the home of Massachusetts governor Thomas Hutchinson.
1830 The "Tom Thumb" steam locomotive runs its famous race with a horse-drawn car. The horse wins because the engine, which had been ahead, breaks down.
1862 Union and Confederate troops skirmish at Waterloo Bridge, Virginia, during the Second Bull Run Campaign.
1864 Confederate General A.P. Hill pushes back Union General Winfield Scott Hancock from Reams Station where his army has spent several days destroying railroad tracks.
1875 ""Captain" Matthew Webb becomes the first man to swim across the English Channel.
1916 The National Park Service is established as part of the Department of the Interior.
1921 The United States, which never ratified the Versailles Treaty ending World War I, finally signs a peace treaty with Germany.
1925 A. Phillip Randolph organizes the Sleeping Car Porters' Union.
1940 The first parachute wedding ceremony is performed by Rev. Homer Tomlinson at the New York City World's Fair for Arno Rudolphi and Ann Hayward. The minister, bride and groom, best man, maid of honor and four musicians were all suspended from parachutes.
1941 British and Soviet forces enter Iran, opening up a route to supply the Soviet Union.
1943 The Allies complete the occupation of New Georgia.
1944 Paris is liberated from German occupation by Free French Forces under General Jacques LeClerc.
1948 The House Un-American Activities Committee holds first-ever televised congressional hearing.
1950 President Harry Truman orders the U.S. Army to seize control of the nation's railroads to avert a strike.
1980 Zimbabwe joins the United Nations.
1981 Voyager 2 spacecraft makes its closest approach to Saturn.
1989 NASA scientists receive stunning photographs of Neptune and its moons from Voyager 2.
1989 Mayumi Moriyama, formerly head of Japan's Environmental Agency, becomes Japan's first female cabinet secretary
1991 Croatian War of Independence: Battle of Vukovar begins, an 87-day siege of a Croatian city by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA), supported by various Serbian paramilitary forces.
1991 Belarus gains independence from the USSR.
1991 The Airbus A340 makes its first flight.
2012 Severe flooding in Myanmar.
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Rollingthunderremembered.com .
August 25
Thanks to Dan Heller and the Bear
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An item of importance is the recent incorporation of Task Force Omega (TFO) MIA summaries. There is a link on the homepage and you can also visit directly via https://www.rollingthunderremembered.com/task-force-omega/. There are 60 summaries posted thus far, with about 940 to go (not a typo—TFO has over 1,000 individual case files).
Thanks to Micro
From Vietnam Air Losses site for "for 25.August . This one was personal as both were friends of mine and I was airborne when it happened..skip
25-Aug: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=2986
Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
(This site was sent by a friend . The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature. https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
By: Kipp Hanley
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This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
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.Thanks to Al,
We ran into each other many times at Tail hook this last weekend
Monday Morning Humor
Having just returned from 'Hook '25 in Reno, this edition of Monday Morning Humor is dedicated to all those men and women who have served and are serving in the world's best carrier Navy.
Misunderstanding Military Terms
One reason the Services have trouble operating jointly is that they don't speak the same language. For example, if you told Navy personnel to "secure a building," they would turn off the lights and lock the doors. Army personnel would occupy the building so no one could enter. Marines would assault the building, capture it, and defend it with suppressive fire and close combat. The Air Force, on the other hand, would take out a three-year lease with an option to buy.
Officer: Soldier, do you have change for a dollar?
Soldier: Sure, buddy.
Officer: That's no way to address an officer! Now let's try it again. Do you have change for a dollar?
Soldier: "No, SIR!"
Military Quotes:
• "If the enemy is in range, so are you."-Infantry Journal
• "It is generally inadvisable to eject directly over the area you just bombed."-U.S. Air Force Manual
• "Tracers work both ways."-U.S. Army Ordnance
• "Don't ever be the first, don't ever be the last, and don't ever volunteer to do anything."-U.S. Navy Swabbie
• "Bravery is being the only one who knows you're afraid."-David Hackworth
• "If your attack is going too well, your walking into an ambush."-Infantry Journal
• "No combat-ready unit has ever passed inspection."-Joe Gay
• "Any ship can be a minesweeper...once."-Anonymous
• "Never tell the Platoon Sergeant you have nothing to do."-Unknown Marine Recruit
• "Don't draw fire; it irritates the people around you."-Your Buddies
• "You've never been lost until you've been lost at Mach 2."-Paul F. Crickmore (test pilot)
• "The only time you have too much fuel is when you're on fire."
• "Blue water Navy truism: There are more planes in the ocean than submarines in the sky."-From an old carrier sailor
• "If the wings are traveling faster than the fuselage, it's probably a helicopter and therefore, unsafe."
• "When one engine fails on a twin-engine airplane you always have enough power left to get you to the scene of the crash."
• *What is the similarity between air traffic controllers and pilots? If a pilot screws up, the pilot dies; If ATC screws up, .... the pilot dies."
• "Never trade luck for skill."
• "Weather forecasts are horoscopes with numbers."
• "Airspeed, altitude and brains. Two are always needed to successfully complete the flight."
• "A smooth landing is mostly luck; two in a row is all luck; three in a row is prevarication."
• "Mankind has a perfect record in aviation; we never left one up there!"
• "Flashlights are tubular metal containers kept in a flight bag for the purpose of storing dead batteries."
• "Flying the airplane is more important than radioing your plight to a person on the ground incapable of understanding or doing anything about it."
• "When a flight is proceeding incredibly well, something was forgotten."
• "Just remember, if you crash because of weather, your funeral will be held on a sunny day."
• Advice given to RAF pilots during WWII: "When a prang (crash) seems inevitable, endeavor to strike the softest, cheapest object in the vicinity as slow and gently as possible."
• "A pilot who doesn't have any fear probably isn't flying his plane to its maximum."-Jon McBride, astronaut
• "If you're faced with a forced landing, fly the thing as far into the crash as possible."-Bob Hoover (renowned aerobatic and test pilot)
• "Never fly in the same cockpit with someone braver than you."
• "There is no reason to fly through a thunderstorm in peacetime."
• "If something hasn't broken on your helicopter, it's about to."
• Basic Flying Rules: "Try to stay in the middle of the air. Do not go near the edges of it. The edges of the air can be recognized by the appearance of ground, buildings, sea, trees and interstellar space. It is much more difficult to fly there."
• "You know that your landing gear is up and locked when it takes full power to taxi to the flight line."
• As the test pilot climbs out of the experimental aircraft, having torn off the wings and tail in the crash landing, the crash truck arrives, the rescuer sees a bloodied pilot and asks "What happened?". The pilot's reply: "I don't know, I just got here myself!"-Attributed to Ray Crandell (Lockheed test pilot)
About Pilots:
• As an aviator in flight you can do anything you want... As long as it's right... And we'll let you know if it's right after you get down.
• You can't fly forever without getting killed.
• As a pilot only two bad things can happen to you and one of them will.
a. One day you will walk out to the aircraft knowing that it is your last flight in an airplane..
b. One day you will walk out to the airplane not knowing that it is your last flight in an airplane..
• Any flight over water in a single engine airplane will absolutely guarantee abnormal engine noises and vibrations.
• There are Rules and there are Laws. The rules are made by men who think that they know better how to fly your airplane than you. The Laws (of Physics) were made by the Great One. You can, and sometimes should, suspend the Rules but you can never suspend the Laws.
• More about Rules:
a. The rules are a good place to hide if you don't have a better idea and the talent to execute it.
b. If you deviate from a rule, it must be a flawless performance. (e.g., If you fly under a bridge, don't hit the bridge.)
• The pilot is the highest form of life on earth.
• The ideal pilot is the perfect blend of discipline and aggressiveness.
• About check rides:
a. The only real objective of a check ride is to complete it and get the bastard out of your airplane.
b. It has never occurred to any flight examiner that the examinee couldn't care less what the examiner's opinion of his flying ability really is.
• The medical profession is the natural enemy of the aviation profession.
• The job of the Wing Commander is to worry incessantly that his career depends solely on the abilities of his aviators to fly their airplanes without mishap and that their only minuscule contribution to the effort is to bet their lives on it.
• Ever notice that the only experts who decree that the age of the pilot is over are people who have never flown anything? Also, in spite of the intensity of their feelings that the pilot's day is over I know of no such expert who has volunteered to be a passenger in a non-piloted aircraft.
• It is absolutely imperative that the pilot be unpredictable. Rebelliousness is very predictable. In the end, conforming almost all the time is the best way to be unpredictable.
• He who demands everything that his aircraft can give him is a pilot; he that demands one iota more is a fool.
• It is solely the pilot's responsibility to never let any other thing touch his aircraft.
• If you can learn how to fly as a Ensign and not forget how to fly by the time you're a Lieutenant Commander you will have lived a happy life.
• About night flying:
a. Remember that the airplane doesn't know that it's dark.
b. On a clear, moonless night, never fly between the tanker's lights.
c. There are certain aircraft sounds that can only be heard at night.
d. If you're going to night fly, it might as well be in the weather so you can double count your exposure to both hazards.
e. Night formation is really an endless series of near misses in equilibrium with each other.
f. You would have to pay a lot of money at a lot of amusement parks and perhaps add a few drugs, to get the same blend of psychedelic sensations as a single engine night weather flight.
• One of the most important skills that a pilot must develop is the skill to ignore those things that were designed by non-pilots to get the pilot's attention.
• At the end of the day, the controllers, ops supervisors, maintenance guys, weather guessers, and birds; they're all trying to kill you and your job is to not let them!
• The concept of "controlling" airspace with radar is just a form of FAA sarcasm directed at pilots to see if they're gullible enough to swallow it. Or to put it another way, when's the last time the FAA ever shot anyone down?
• Remember that the radio is only an electronic suggestion box for the pilot. Sometimes the only way to clear up a problem is to turn it off.
• It is a tacit, yet profound admission of the preeminence of flying in the hierarchy of the human spirit, that those who seek to control aviators via threats always threaten to take one's wings and not one's life.
• Remember when flying low and inverted that the rudder still works the same old way but hopefully your IP never taught you "pull stick back, plane go up".
• Mastering the prohibited maneuvers in the NATOPS Manual is one of the best forms of aviation life insurance you can get.
• A tactic done twice is a procedure. (Refer to unpredictability discussion above)
• The aircraft G-limits are only there in case there is another flight by that particular airplane. If subsequent flights do not appear likely, there are no G-limits.
• If a mother has the slightest suspicion that her infant might grow up to be a pilot, she had better teach him to put things back where he got them
• The ultimate responsibility of the pilot is to fulfill the dreams of the countless millions of earthbound ancestors who could only stare skyward ...and wish.
A Comparison of Pilot traditions between the Navy and the Air Force…
On a carrier, the Naval Aviator looks over at the Catapult Officer ("Shooter") who gives the run up engines signal by rotating his finger above his head. The pilot pushes the throttle forward, checks all gauges and gives the Cat officer a brisk salute, continuing the Navy tradition of asking permission to leave the ship. Cat officer drops to one knee while swooping his arm forward and pointing down deck, granting that permission.
We've all seen Air Force pilots look up just before taxi for takeoff and the ground crew waits until their thumb is sticking straight up. The crew chief then confirms that he sees the thumb, salutes and the Air Force pilot then takes off. This time tested tradition is the last link in the Air Force safety net to confirm that the pilot does not have both thumbs up his @$$.
Four retired Navy guys are walking down a street in San Diego. Then they turn a corner and see a sign that says "Old Timer's Bar " " ALL DRINKS -- 10 CENTS". They look at each other, then go in.
The old bartender says in a voice that carries across the room, "Come on in and let me pour one for you, what'll it be, Gentlemen?"
There seems to be a fully stocked bar, so the men all ask for a margarita. In short order, the bartender serves up four iced margaritas -- and says, That'll be 10 cents each, please."
They can't believe their good luck. They pay the 40 cents, finish their drinks, and order another round.
Again, four excellent margaritas are produced with the bartender again saying, "That's 40 more cents, please."
They pay the 40 cents, but their curiosity is more than they can stand. They've each had two drinks and so far they've spent less than a dollar.
Finally, one of the men couldn't stand it any longer and asks the bartender "How can you afford to serve drinks as good as these for a dime a piece?"
"Here's my story. I'm a retired tailor from Brooklyn, and I always wanted to own a bar down by the water. Last year I hit the lottery for $100 million and decided to open this place. Every drink costs a dime whether it's wine, liquor, beer or whatever. They are all the same."
"Wow. That's quite a story" says one of the men.
The four of them sipped at their margaritas and couldn't help but notice three other people at the end of the bar who didn't have a drink in front of them, and hadn't ordered anything the whole time they were there.
One man gestures at the three at the end of the bar without drinks and asks the bartender, "What's with them?"
The bartender says, "They're retired Army, they're waiting for happy hour."
A salute to all Tailhookers, past and present,
Al
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. Nothing but raw power and torque ... and a lot of money to support it!
http://www.youtube.com/embed/GzXVLbs41Ew
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Thanks to American Greatness
From Groundhog Day to roadkill cookoff: 12 weird traditions in America
America is known for its bold personality, and that spirit shows up in some pretty quirky traditions. From competitive eating contests to cherry pit spitting, and those perfectly posed (and sometimes hilariously awkward) holiday family cards, there's no shortage of ways people across the country celebrate and have fun. Do you participate in any of these 13 traditions?
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Competitive eating
Nathan's Famous claims to have hosted its first Fourth of July hot dog-eating contest in 1916 at Coney Island. According to legend, four immigrants took part to prove who was the most patriotic. The winner, an Irishman, downed 13 hot dogs to claim the title.
Though this origin story was likely an invention for publicity, this quirky event has grown into the beginnings of what would become a long-standing American tradition.
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Turkey pardoning
The tradition of pardoning a turkey dates back to 1863, when President Abraham Lincoln reportedly spared a bird after his son Tad begged for its life. Originally meant for Christmas dinner, the turkey was saved thanks to Tad's compassion.
While a few later presidents, including Harry Truman and John F. Kennedy, also chose to spare turkeys, it wasn't until 1989 that President George H.W. Bush made the turkey pardon an official White House tradition.
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Groundhog Day
Groundhog Day centers around a groundhog named Punxsutawney Phil, who is said to predict the weather each February 2nd. If Phil sees his shadow, it signals six more weeks of winter; if not, spring is supposedly on its way.
The tradition began when newspaper editor Clymer Freas pitched the idea to the Punxsutawney Groundhog Club in the late 1800s. Despite its popularity, Phil's weather predictions have only been accurate about 39% of the time, according to the National Climatic Data Center.
Pickle-shaped ornaments on Christmas trees
The Christmas pickle tradition is believed to have started as a clever marketing move by Woolworths. After receiving a large stock of pickle-shaped ornaments, the store invented a festive game to help sell them.
They encouraged families to hide the pickle in their Christmas tree, with a small prize going to whoever found it first. What began as a sales tactic eventually became a quirky .
Alaska's Nenana Ice Classic
The tradition began in 1917, when a group of railroad engineers placed bets on when the ice on Alaska's Nenana River would break. They wagered a total of $800, trying to predict the exact date, hour, and minute of the thaw.
What started as a friendly bet turned into an annual event known as the Nenana Ice Classic. Today, it's a major Alaskan tradition that draws thousands of participants each year—and offers a jackpot that can exceed $300,000.
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Cherry pit spitting
During cherry season, cherry pit spitting contests pop up across the U.S., inviting participants to launch pits as far as they can—or even try to hit specific targets. These contests are famously held at events like the International Cherry Pit Spitting Championship in Eau Claire, Michigan, which began in 1974.
It's a lighthearted test of skill that draws crowds in search of classic summer fun.
Tailgate parties
For many American sports fans—especially at football games—just attending isn't enough. Hours before kickoff, parking lots fill with fans decked out in team colors, grilling food, and enjoying drinks as part of the pregame ritual known as tailgating.
Some tailgaters go all out, bringing TVs, sound systems, and even satellite dishes to create the ultimate game-day setup.
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Black Friday shopping spree
Just hours after Thanksgiving feasts wrap up, millions of Americans shift into shopping mode for Black Friday. This massive retail event kicks off a weekend spree that also includes Small Business Saturday and Cyber Monday—newer traditions that have quickly gained traction.
Holiday family cards
One beloved holiday tradition in the U.S. is sending and receiving festive family photo cards. These often feature coordinated outfits and include a short update on the family's highlights from the past year—even from people you may barely remember.
Ostrich racing
Ostriches were introduced to the U.S. in the 1880s, and it didn't take long for people to start racing them. These unusual competitions sprang up in several states and quickly gained attention for their novelty.
Today, the most well-known event is the Chandler Ostrich Festival in Arizona, which has been running for decades. As of 2024, it marked its 36th year, continuing the quirky tradition with a modern twist.
Roadkill cook-off
With abundant wildlife and countless vehicles on American roads, animal collisions are an unfortunate reality. But in Marlinton, West Virginia, locals have found a unique way to turn that misfortune into a celebration.
Every September, the town hosts the Roadkill Cook-off, where adventurous eaters can sample dishes like squirrel gravy on biscuits, teriyaki bear, or deer sausage—all made from animals legally collected after road accidents.
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Pumpkin chucking
In America, pumpkins aren't just for pies and lattes—they're also launched through the air in a tradition known as pumpkin chucking.
The largest and original event, Punkin Chunkin, originated in Delaware, where teams use contraptions like trebuchets, catapults, and air cannons to hurl pumpkins as far as possible.
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.Thanks to1440
El Mayo Guilty Plea
Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada is expected to plead guilty today in a Brooklyn courthouse to federal drug, money laundering, and weapons charges. The 77-year-old drug lord cofounded Mexico's Sinaloa cartel alongside Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán.
Prosecutors have characterized the Sinaloa cartel as the world's largest drug trafficking organization. In the early 2010s, the group was believed to control 40% to 60% of Mexico's drug market, earning as much as $3B annually. It is the leading exporter of cocaine and heroin to the US, largely responsible for fueling the opioid epidemic that has killed hundreds of thousands of Americans. The group also engaged in kidnappings, assassinations, and torture.
Zambada was arrested in El Paso, Texas, last year after being brought to the US in a private plane. He says he was kidnapped and betrayed by one of El Chapo's sons. The group has since devolved into factions, with violence in the Mexican state of Sinaloa surging to its highest level since 2008.
Burning Man Begins
Burning Man 2025 kicked off yesterday, beginning the nine-day gathering in Black Rock Desert, 120 miles north of Reno, Nevada. Its name derives from the week's main event, where a 40-foot-tall wooden man atop a 30-foot structure is set ablaze.
The event, first started in 1986, draws tens of thousands of people annually to a seven-square-mile temporary city in the desert. Attendees, calling themselves "burners," adhere to 10 community principles, including radical inclusion, self-reliance, and decommodification. Campers can opt to stay in themed villages; vending is banned. Learn more via 1440 Topics here (w/video).
This year's theme is "Tomorrow Today," with the venue showcasing tech-forward art installations. More than 70,000 people are estimated to attend, with participants paying a sliding scale of $550 to $3,000 per ticket. The festival did not sell out this year and operated at a loss last year, raising concerns about its financial outlook.
Starship Delayed
The 10th test flight of SpaceX's massive Starship space vehicle was called off last night just minutes before the launch window was set to open, with company officials citing an issue with ground systems (typically referring to the launch infrastructure, not the rocket itself). The next launch window is yet to be announced, but is expected within the week.
The flight will be the fourth of 2025 as the company seeks to accelerate its flagship space vehicle program. Each of the previous three ended in failure, and a fourth rocket exploded in June during a fueling test. Progression of the Starship, designed to carry up to 100 people on long-duration trips, is central to CEO Elon Musk's vision to colonize Mars.
The test flight comes a few days after SpaceX successfully launched the eighth experimental mission of the US Space Force's secretive X-37B vehicle. The uncrewed spaceplane is designed to spend multiple years in orbit and has logged 1.3 billion miles traveled to date.
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From the King's Proclamation to Richie's MiG by W. Thomas Smith Jr.
08/24
This Week in American Military History:
Aug. 23, 1775: Less than two months after the Second Continental Congress issues its "Declaration on the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms [against the British]" in which the Congress resolves "to die free men rather than live as slaves," King George III issues his own proclamation declaring the American colonies to be in a state of rebellion. The king adds, "not only all our Officers, civil and military, are obliged to exert their utmost endeavours to suppress such rebellion, and to bring the traitors to justice, but that all our subjects of this Realm, and the dominions thereunto belonging, are bound by law to be aiding and assisting in the suppression of such rebellion, and to disclose and make known all traitorous conspiracies and attempts against us, our crown and dignity."
Aug. 23, 1864: Union Naval forces under the command of Adm. David Glasgow Farragut – best known for purportedly uttering the command, "Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead!" – take Fort Morgan, effectively ending the near-month-long battle of Mobile Bay.
Aug. 24, 1814: British forces under the command of Maj. Gen. Robert Ross close-with and defeat a mixed American force of Continental Army regulars, Marines, sailors, and militia under overall command of U.S. Army Brig. Gen. William Henry Winder in the battle of Bladensburg, Maryland on the road to Washington, D.C. during the war of 1812. The disastrous defeat of the Continentals at Bladensburg will enable the British to march on, sack, and burn the nation's capitol within a few hours. But according to legend, the British are so impressed by the indomitable stand of the American Marines and sailors – who "broke two British regiments" during the fighting – that the commandant's house and the Marine barracks will be spared the torch when Washington is burned.
Aug. 25, 1944: U.S. and French Army forces liberate Paris. The Germans fall back. The BBC reports: "This evening French, American and Senegalese troops marched triumphantly down the Champs Elysee to ecstatic cheers of Parisians, young and old."
Aug. 28, 1862: The Second battle of Bull Run (known to many Southerners as Second Manassas) opens between Union Army forces under the command of Maj. Gen. John Pope and Confederate Army forces under Maj. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (Gen. Robert E. Lee in overall command). Within days, Confederate forces will drive Union forces from the field, not unlike what happened at First Bull Run/Manassas on July 21, 1861.
Aug. 28, 1972: U.S. Air Force Capt. Richard Stephen Richie, flying an F-4 Phantom, shoots down his fifth MiG over North Vietnam, becoming the Air Force's first ace of the war. But to hear Richie tell it, it was just a ride. "My fifth MiG kill was an exact duplicate of a syllabus mission, so I had not only flown that as a student, but had taught it probably a dozen times prior to actually doing it in combat," he says.
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Thanks to Interesting Facts
I have been a tea drinker all my life and did not drink coffee until three years ago after the doctors rearranged my insides and I was having a problem starting them up again. Then my wife had me try coffee with some mocha in it. So now I have one each day but still have my tea and am sipping away as I work on the List today….skip
Sip On These 7 Facts About Tea
Besides water, no beverage is consumed by more individuals across the globe than tea. For millennia, this beloved drink has been favored by many cultures, from those in China who first cultivated tea to modern customers in quaint cafés. Here are seven refreshing facts about tea for those who want a dash of history and culture with their drink.
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Tea Bags Were Popularized by Accident
Before individual tea bags came into wide use, it was more common to make an entire pot of tea at once by pouring hot water over tea leaves and then using a strainer. In 1901, Wisconsin inventors Roberta C. Lawson and Mary Molaren filed a patent for a "tea leaf holder," a concept that resembles the tea bags we use today. It wasn't until about seven years later, however, that another individual inadvertently helped popularize the concept of tea bags — at least according to legend. Around 1908, American tea importer Thomas Sullivan reportedly sent samples of tea inside small silken bags to his customers. His clients failed to remove the tea leaves from the bags as Sullivan assumed they would, and soon Sullivan realized that he'd stumbled onto an exciting new concept for tea brewing. He later reimagined the bags using gauze, and eventually paper.
Tea bags were booming in popularity throughout the United States by the 1920s, but it took a while for residents of the United Kingdom to adopt the concept. In fact, tea bags wouldn't make their way to the U.K. until 1952, when Lipton patented its "flo-thru" bag, but even then the British weren't keen to change their tea-brewing ways. By 1968, only 3% of tea brewed in the U.K. was done so using tea bags, with that number rising to 12.5% in 1971. By the end of the 20th century, however, 96% of U.K. tea was brewed with bags.
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The British Have Their Own Official Standard for the Perfect Cup of Tea
The British are serious about tea. So much so that British Standards — a national body that produces technical specifications for products and services — released an edict in 1980 on the official British guidelines for making the perfect cup of tea. Though some may disagree with the standard, the rules include the following: Use a porcelain pot and a ratio of two grams of tea per every 100 ml of water, brew for six minutes, maintain a temperature of 60 to 85 degrees Celsius (140 to 185 degrees Fahrenheit) when serving the tea, and add milk to the mug first if using tea that's already been steeped.
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Herbal Tea Isn't Actually Tea
This may be a shocking revelation, but herbal "teas" like chamomile and peppermint aren't officially teas at all. In order for a drink to be classified as tea, it must come from the Camellia sinensis plant, from which many white, green, oolong, and black teas do. Herbal teas, however, are known as tisanes, or more plainly infusions that incorporate various leaves, fruits, barks, roots, flowers, and other edible non-tea plants. So while the experience of drinking a minty tea may be indecipherable from drinking a warm cup of green tea, the two beverages fall into completely different categories from a scientific gastronomic perspective.
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The World's Largest Tea Bag Was 551 Pounds
Saudi Arabia is the site of at least two notable tea records. On September 20, 2014, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the owner of a company called Rabea Tea unveiled a record-setting tea bag weighing 551 pounds and 2.56 ounces, earning it the distinction of being world's largest tea bag. Eight years later, also in Saudi Arabia, a company called Triple Nine Tea set the record for brewing the largest cup of hot tea — 11,604.28 gallons.
When it comes to the largest cup of iced tea, however, the achievement is proudly held in the American South. On June 10, 2016, the residents of Summerville, South Carolina, banded together to create the biggest jug of sweet tea ever made (2,524 gallons), using 210 pounds of loose leaf tea, 1,700 pounds of sugar, and over 300 pounds of ice.
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Besides Boston, Several Other U.S. Cities Held "Tea Parties"
Vintage illustration features the Boston Tea Party.Credit: Keith Lance/DigitalVision Vectors via Getty Images
While most Americans are familiar with the Boston Tea Party — in which colonists dumped chests of British East India Company tea into Boston Harbor as a protest against "taxation without representation" — fewer are aware that many similar events took place along the Eastern Seaboard in the months that followed. Just nine days after the protest in Boston, the Philadelphia Tea Party occurred on December 25, 1773. Although no tea was destroyed as in the Boston protest, a ship carrying a large cargo of tea was refused on its way to Philadelphia, and the captain — under the threat of being tarred and feathered — returned both ship and cargo to England.
The following year saw even more "tea parties," including the Charleston Tea Party in November 1774, in which the captain of a tea-toting ship feigned ignorance about his cargo but was ultimately forced to dump the ship's contents into the harbor. Additional protests took place in New York; Annapolis, Maryland; Wilmington, North Carolina; Greenwich, New Jersey; and other American cities. Though none went down in history to the degree of the Boston Tea Party, they were all critical acts of rebellion — against taxation and ultimately British rule — that contributed to the start of the American Revolutionary War.
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Turkey Consumes the Most Tea per Capita of Any Country
Though no country consumes more tea than China overall – 1.6 billion pounds each year — there are several other nations whose tea-drinking numbers are even more staggering when broken down per capita. At the top of that list is Turkey, as each tea-loving Turk consumes around seven pounds of tea annually, compared to just 1.25 pounds per Chinese citizen (as of 2014).
Turkish individuals are particularly fond of black tea, and they average three to five cups per day, which comes out to a staggering 1,300 cups per year, give or take. Though they've already set the record, tea drinking was also on the rise in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Turks are so proud of tea as a foundation of their culture that in 2020, the country petitioned UNESCO to add Turkish tea to the organization's Intangible Cultural Heritage List. After Turkey, Ireland finishes second on the list of tea-drinking countries per capita, with the United Kingdom coming in third.
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Cheese-Topped Tea Is Popular in Asia
Though the combination of cheese and tea may sound somewhat incompatible, it's a beloved and delicious beverage that has grown in popularity throughout Asia over the last decade or so. Cheese tea is made as a cold beverage using green or black tea, and is topped with a layer of milk and cheese that's then sprinkled with salt. The drink is a relatively new invention, having originated around 2010 at nighttime drink stalls on the streets of Taiwan, though it's since boomed in popularity throughout Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Japan, and China.
Asia isn't alone, however, when it comes to incorporating cheese into their caffeinated beverages. Though it's not tea, a Scandinavian coffee drink called Kaffeost features cubes of dried cheese soaking up the liquid inside a mug of hot coffee. And in Colombia, locals add savory globs of melted cheese to a regional hot chocolate known as chocolate santafereño.
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Thanks to History Facts
6 Facts About Ancient Navigation
Thousands of years ago, the oceans seemed a lot wider, even unnavigable. Before mariners developed tried-and-true navigation techniques, sailing the seas involved a lot of guesswork — or, if you want it to sound cooler, "dead reckoning."
Slowly, our ancestors moved beyond their initial stabs in the dark. Some looked to the sky, using their new knowledge about the cosmos to help them better understand life on Earth. Others took a keen interest in the seas, learning to intuitively navigate the vast expanses based on their currents and swells. Nowadays, we have a relatively easy time getting around — thanks, GPS! — but it took a long time to get here. How were Polynesians able to cross thousands of miles of open ocean more than 3,000 years ago? Which seafaring society might have successfully used crystals to find their way? What persistent navigation myth just won't die? Read on and get your sea legs with these six facts.
Polynesians Were Pioneers of the Open Ocean
In the early days of ocean navigation, explorers stayed pretty close to the shoreline and used visible landmarks to mark their position. However, Polynesians, the first developers of open ocean exploration, set off from New Guinea and moved eastward in about 1500 BCE. After first traveling to the adjacent Solomon Islands, they gradually journeyed farther and farther east. Their vessel of choice was a double canoe with two hulls connected by crossbeams, kind of like a catamaran.Venturing out into the open ocean, these explorers eventually reached Fiji, Tonga, Samoa, and Tahiti. They then traveled more than 2,600 miles north to Hawaii — longer than the distance across the U.S. from Portland, Maine, to Seattle, Washington. By roughly 1,000 or possibly 1,200 CE, the descendants of those early explorers populated the entire Polynesian Triangle, the three corners of which are Hawaii, Rapa Nui (aka Easter Island), and New Zealand.The Polynesians didn't have any navigational instruments that we know of, so how did they do it? Although their navigation techniques were passed down orally, historians think they navigated using stars, ocean swells, the sun, the moon, and migratory birds. Some Pacific Islanders navigated simply by using the waves themselves. In 1976, a group of Polynesian canoeing enthusiasts made the Tahiti-Hawaii trip using no navigational instruments and a traditional voyaging canoe — a feat that's since been repeated several times.
Some Early Nautical Charts Were Made From Shells and Sticks
A nautical chart provides not only topographical information, but also details about the behavior of the sea, such as how tidal patterns interact. Today, we can easily read this data on screens and paper, but ancient Micronesian navigators called ri-metos recorded their knowledge using elaborate "stick charts" made from palm strips, coconut strips, and cowrie shells. As you might imagine, these charts weren't especially portable, so they were designed to be memorized before a voyage. The charts didn't follow any kind of uniform style, and some of them were only designed to be read by the person who created them, so they can be hard for modern viewers to interpret. We do know, though, that some charts depicted general ocean patterns, while others contained precise piloting instructions.
Early Magnetic Compasses Bore Little Resemblance to Their Modern Counterparts
Today, magnetic compasses are so ubiquitous that we just call them "compasses." They contain a magnetized needle that naturally lines up with the Earth's magnetic field, so the ends point to magnetic north and magnetic south (moving targets that are fairly close to true north and true south, but that can lead to errors when traveling very far north or very far south).Scientists don't know for sure who made the first compass, but they believe the first compasses to be used for navigation came from 11th- or 12th-century China. The first European usage of a compass was recorded at the end of the 12th century. These early prototypes used lodestones (pieces of naturally-occurring magnetic ore) or needles magnetized with lodestones that were then attached to sticks or corks so they could float in water. At first, magnetic compasses were used primarily as backup navigation aids, but as engineers got more savvy, compasses became more reliable. By the 13th century, the compass's design had graduated to a magnetized needle mounted on a pin at the bottom of a bowl. In time, a directional card with the 32 principal points of direction began to be mounted beneath the needle. The design of the card itself evolved, too: The north point was first marked by a spearhead and a "T" for the Latin word Tramontana, meaning "the north wind." Around 1490, these symbols were replaced with a fleur-de-lis, which is still commonly seen on compasses today.
Astrolabes Weren't Just Used for Navigation
The concept of an astrolabe, a device used to measure the positions of celestial bodies, dates back to ancient Greece in the third or second century BCE — although its exact origin is unclear. By the ninth century CE, astrolabes were highly developed and utilized in Arabic cultures. The devices made their way back to Europe in the 12th century, and the mariner's astrolabe was a standard piece of navigational equipment by the end of the 15th century, just in time for the Age of Exploration.Astrolabes are used to determine the locations of celestial bodies relative to the user. A disk called a "mater" holds a series of smaller rotating and sliding disks — one with Earth's latitude lines and another with well-known constellations and stars. A straight "rule," or bar, spins around that, and a sight helps determine the altitude of the sun or another star that can then be used as an anchor point. Astrolabes often came with specific plates that corresponded to the different latitudes of certain large cities, because the sky's geography is affected by one's latitude.While these devices were very useful for navigation, it wasn't their only claim to fame: In the Islamic world, they helped determine prayer times and the direction of Mecca. During the Middle Ages in Europe, they were consulted to help with decision-making, much like modern horoscopes. And more mundanely, they could also be used for making topographical surveys.
Vikings May Have Used Crystals to Navigate
The Vikings, a group of seafaring Scandinavian warriors, were also skilled ocean navigators. They began to populate Iceland — around 500 miles from their native Norway — in about 900 CE, even eventually reaching North America. The specifics of their navigation techniques are somewhat mysterious, but recent research indicates they may have used crystals.Because they sailed their longships in the far North Atlantic, Viking travelers benefitted from up to 24 hours of continuous daylight, but they encountered a lot of fog, too. Ancient Norse literature mentions "sunstones," stones that helped their holders find the sun — and scientists now think these may have really existed. In 2011, researchers used calcite crystals to pinpoint the location of the sun within 1 degree. It's not magic, although it sounds like it: Through polarization, crystals can show sunlight patterns that can't be seen with the naked eye.Another study from 2014 suggests these crystals may have been used in conjunction with a sun compass. Researchers simulated 3,600 trips between Norway and Greenland at the spring equinox and summer solstice, two dates marked on a disc believed to be a component of a sun compass. They found that by checking the crystals every few hours, the computer-generated voyages successfully reached Greenland 92% of the time.That study hasn't been replicated in the real world yet, but it offers some clues to how Viking navigators were able to navigate without the use of magnetic compasses or astrolabes.
Navigators Knew the Earth Was Round Earlier Than You Might Think
There's a persistent myth that Christopher Columbus "proved" the Earth was round in the 15th century during his voyage from Europe to the Americas, but he was many centuries too late. In fact, formally educated people knew the world wasn't flat starting way back in the third century BCE, while scientists and mathematicians may have known as early as the sixth century BCE. Columbus' surprise landing in the Americas had nothing to do with thinking the Earth was flat — he just thought the global circumference to be smaller than it is and believed he'd end up in Asia. This tenacious myth comes from a highly embellished 1828 biography of Columbus written by Washington Irving, better known for fictional works such as "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle."Like the aforementioned scientists and scholars, mariners were aware of the world's roundness very early on. Sailors observed that when viewing distant ships, the tops of sails and masts were visible before the decks and hulls of the vessels to which they were attached. And as they traveled to different points of the Earth, they also noted being able to see different constellations. Celestial navigation would have been pretty difficult otherwise.
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This Day in U S Military History
August 25
1883 – The signing of a Treaty of Protectorate formally ends Vietnam's independence. The name 'Vietnam' is officially eliminated, and the French divide Vietnam into northern and southern protectorates (Tonkin and Annam, respectively), both tightly under French control, although Annam retains its imperial Vietnamese administration. Southern Vietnam (Cochin China) has been a French colony since 1867. A general uprising in 1885 fails. In the Red River Valley of the north the French begin a period of twelve years of slaughter known as the 'pacification' of Tonkin.
1901 – Clara Maass (25), army nurse, sacrificed her life to prove that the mosquito carries yellow fever. Clara Louise Maass lost her life during scientific studies to determine the cause of yellow fever. A graduate of Newark German Hospital Training School for Nurses, she worked as an Army nurse in Florida, Cuba, and the Philippines during the Spanish-American War. In 1900, Maass returned to Cuba at the request of Maj. William Gorgas, chief sanitation officer. There she became embroiled in a controversy over the cause of yellow fever. To determine whether the tropical fever was caused by city filth or the bite of a mosquito, seven volunteers, including Maass, were bitten by the mosquitoes. Two men died, but she survived. Several months later she again volunteered to be bitten, this time suffering severe pain and fever. Maass died of yellow fever at the age of 25. In her memory, Newark German Hospital was renamed Clara Maass Memorial Hospital and in 1952, Cuba issued a national postage stamp in her name. In 1976, the U.S. Postal Service honored Clara Louise Maass with a commemorative stamp.
1921 – The Battle of Blair Mountain, one of the largest civil uprisings in United States history and the largest armed rebellion since the American Civil War, begins. For five days in late August and early September 1921, in Logan County, West Virginia, some 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers, called the Logan Defenders, who were backed by coal mine operators during an attempt by the miners to unionize the southwestern West Virginia coalfields. The battle ended after approximately one million rounds were fired, and the United States Army intervened by presidential order.
1944 – "Dammit colonel, I'm looking up at Notre Dame!" became the battle cry of an on-going feud between two former Guard units as each claim the bragging rights as to which American unit was the first to actually enter the city of Paris just as the Germans abandoned it. The statement was made by Captain William Buenzle, a New Jersey Guardsman, commanding Troop A, 38th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron to his commander, Colonel Cyrus Dolph III, commander of New Jersey's 102nd Cavalry Group, the famous "Essex Troop" to which the 38th was assigned. The 38th was organized in 1942 from former Guardsmen of Iowa's 113th Cavalry Regiment. After the 38th was assigned to the 102nd in England it gained some New Jersey Guardsmen (including Buenzle) too. The other half of the 102nd Groups' compliment was it's own 102nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, also from New Jersey. Ever since landing on Omaha Beach on June 8th (D+2 after "D-Day") the Group had been an important part of the scouting 'eyes' of the Allied advance through Normandy. On this date each squadron was scouting ahead for major components of the Allied armies. The 38th was patrolling for the 4th U.S. Infantry Division and the 102nd scouting for the French 2nd Armored Division. Both entered Paris at about the same time by two different routes. While Buenzle's statement gives strength to the 38th's claim, and the veterans of each claim to this day that their squadron was the 'first,' its safe to say that Guardsmen were indeed the "first in Paris.
1945 – Captain John Birch of the US Army is shot dead in a scuffle with Chinese Communist soldiers. The liberation of China is becoming a race between the rival Nationalist and Communist forces. Troops of the Kuomintang, commanded by Generalisimo Chiang Kai-shek, enter Shanghai and Nanking, the prewar capital. The Japanese surrender at Nanking was accepted with Communist troops only 3 miles from the city. Communist forces are reported to be marching towards both cities. In Shanghai, the Communists claim workers are occupying factories and preparing to welcome the Communist forces. In the south, Communist forces are reported to be advancing in Canton and nearing Hong Kong. In the north they are closing in on Tientsin. In the 1950s, Robert Welch would create a right-wing, anticommunist organization called the John Birch Society. For Welch, Birch was "the first casualty in the Third World War between Communists and the ever-shrinking Free World."
2005 – Hurricane Katrina made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura, Florida, as a Category 1 hurricane. Four days later it came ashore again near Empire, Buras and Boothville, Louisiana. The rescue and response effort was one of the largest in Coast Guard history, with 24,135 lives saved and 9,409 evacuations.
2012 – Voyager 1 spacecraft enters interstellar space becoming the first man-made object to do so.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
GARMAN, HAROLD A.
Rank and organization: Private, U.S. Army, Company B, 5th Medical Battalion, 5th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Montereau, France, 25 August 1944. Entered service at: Albion, Ill. Born: 26 February 1918, Fairfield, Ill. G.O. No.: 20, 29 March 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. On 25 August 1944, in the vicinity of Montereau, France, the enemy was sharply contesting any enlargement of the bridgehead which our forces had established on the northern bank of the Seine River in this sector. Casualties were being evacuated to the southern shore in assault boats paddled by litter bearers from a medical battalion. Pvt. Garman, also a litter bearer in this battalion, was working on the friendly shore carrying the wounded from the boats to waiting ambulances. As 1 boatload of wounded reached midstream, a German machinegun suddenly opened fire upon it from a commanding position on the northern bank 100 yards away. All of the men in the boat immediately took to the water except 1 man who was so badly wounded he could not rise from his litter. Two other patients who were unable to swim because of their wounds clung to the sides of the boat. Seeing the extreme danger of these patients, Pvt. Garman without a moment's hesitation plunged into the Seine. Swimming directly into a hail of machinegun bullets, he rapidly reached the assault boat and then while still under accurately aimed fire towed the boat with great effort to the southern shore. This soldier's moving heroism not only saved the lives of the three patients but so inspired his comrades that additional assault boats were immediately procured and the evacuation of the wounded resumed. Pvt. Garman's great courage and his heroic devotion to the highest tenets of the Medical Corps may be written with great pride in the annals of the corps.
*SEAY, WILLIAM W.
Rank and organization: Sergeant, U.S. Army, 62d Transportation Company (Medium Truck), 7th Transportation Battalion, 48th Transportation Group. Place and date: Near Ap Nhi, Republic of Vietnam 25 August 1968. Entered service at: Montgomery, Ala. Born: 24 October 1948, Brewton, Ala. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sgt. Seay distinguished himself while serving as a driver with the 62d Transportation Company, on a resupply mission. The convoy with which he was traveling, carrying critically needed ammunition and supplies from Long Binh to Tay Ninh, was ambushed by a reinforced battalion of the North Vietnamese Army. As the main elements of the convoy entered the ambush killing zone, they were struck by intense rocket, machinegun and automatic weapon fire from the well concealed and entrenched enemy force. When his convoy was forced to stop, Sgt. Seay immediately dismounted and took a defensive position behind the wheels of a vehicle loaded with high-explosive ammunition. As the violent North Vietnamese assault approached to within 10 meters of the road, Sgt. Seay opened fire, killing 2 of the enemy. He then spotted a sniper in a tree approximately 75 meters to his front and killed him. When an enemy grenade was thrown under an ammunition trailer near his position, without regard for his own safety he left his protective cover, exposing himself to intense enemy fire, picked up the grenade, and threw it back to the North Vietnamese position, killing 4 more of the enemy and saving the lives of the men around him. Another enemy grenade landed approximately 3 meters from Sgt. Seay's position. Again Sgt. Seay left his covered position and threw the armed grenade back upon the assaulting enemy. After returning to his position he was painfully wounded in the right wrist; however, Sgt. Seay continued to give encouragement and direction to his fellow soldiers. After moving to the relative cover of a shallow ditch, he detected 3 enemy soldiers who had penetrated the position and were preparing to fire on his comrades. Although weak from loss of blood and with his right hand immobilized, Sgt. Seay stood up and fired his rifle with his left hand, killing all 3 and saving the lives of the other men in his location. As a result of his heroic action, Sgt. Seay was mortally wounded by a sniper's bullet. Sgt. Seay, by his gallantry in action at the cost of his life, has reflected great credit upon himself, his unit, and the U.S. Army.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for 25 August, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
25 August
1909: Louis Paulhan used a Voisin Airplane at Bethany, France, to set a 83-mile FAI distance record that lasted one day. (9) The Army leased Land for its first flying field at College Park. Pilot instructions began on 8 October 1909 (18) (21)
1914: Stephan Banic, a coal miner from Greenville, Pa., received a patent for the first workable parachute design. (20)
1916: Victor Carlstrom won the Curtiss Marine Trophy for flying a distance of 661.44 miles. (24)
1926: A pilot of a JN training aircraft, which carried an attached and stored parachute, opened the parachute at 2,500 feet above NAS San Diego. The parachute landed the plane with some minor damage. (24)
1932: Flying from Los Angeles to Newark, Amelia Earhart became the first woman to complete a nonstop transcontinental flight. (20) 1
943: Twelfth Air Force sent 140 P-38s from the 1 FG and 82 FG on the first mass, low-level, long-range strafing raid in World War II. Flying from airfields in Sicily, the P-38s flew tree-top level to attack airfields at Foggia, where they claimed 143 planes destroyed or damaged. (4)
1947: Maj Marion E. Carl (USMC) flew the jet-powered Douglas D-588-1 Skystreak to a new FAI speed record of 650.92 MPH. He broke the Skystreak's earlier record of 640.74 MPH. (9) (24)
1950: KOREAN WAR. FEAF directed Fifth Air Force to fly constant armed surveillance over enemy airfields to prevent the build-up of enemy air strength before the Inchon invasion. (28)
1951: KOREAN WAR. In FEAF Bomber Command's largest operation of the month, 35 B-29s, escorted by U. S. Navy fighters, dropped 300 tons of bombs on marshaling yards at Rashin in far northeastern Korea. Previously excluded from target lists because of its proximity of less than 20 miles to the Soviet border, Rashin was a major supply depot. (28)
1952: Operation HAJJI BABA. Through 29 August, 13 C-54s airlifted 3,763 Muslim pilgrims stranded in Beirut, Lebanon, to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. The operation helped to restore America's standing in the Middle East. (18)
1953: The USAF announced that the B-36 had become a "flying aircraft carrier." It could launch and recover F-84s Thunderjets in flight. (16) A number of B-36 bombers landed in Japan after a pioneering nonstop mass flight from the US. (24)
1958: SAC's 556th Guided Missile Squadron launched a Snark on a 6,000-mile course. (16) (24)
1959: Test pilot Frank E. Cole flew the C-130 Hercules 4,618 miles from Hickam AFB to Dobbins AFB in the longest nonstop flight for that plane to date. (3)
1961: Explorer XIII, the 50th US satellite, launched from Wallops Island to gather data on micrometeorites. Beale AFB received the first Hound Dog missile for B-52s. (6)
1965: President Johnson approved the development of a MOL to determine "what [military] man is able to do in space" for the defense of America. (12)
1966: The first class of German Air Force student pilots entered training at Sheppard AFB, Texas. (26) Tracy L. Barnes set a FAI altitude record of 28,585 feet for subclass AX-8 through AX-10 balloons (2,200 to over 4,000 cubic meters) in a Barnes Balloon at Pittsburgh. (9)
1968: The North American OV-10 Bronco, a forward air controller aircraft, began a 90-day combat evaluation in South Vietnam. (16) (26)
1969: MAC aircrews completed the first C-5 aerial refueling. (16) (26)
1983: Weapons separation testing for the B-1B began with the release of a dummy SRAM. (3)
1987: When Col (Dr.) Thomas J. Tredici retired from the USAF School of Aerospace Medicine at Brooks AFB, he became the last remaining B-17 pilot from World War II to leave active duty.
1988: A civil war in Somalia produced a large-scale requirement to medically treat people fleeing to Mogadishu. The Somali government asked for medical aid and hospital beds. To provide that relief, a 41 MAS C-141 carried a 200-bed emergency hospital weighing 22 tons to Mogadishu. (26)
1992: HURRICANE ANDREW. The storm smashed Florida with sustained 140-MPH winds. Through 28 October, 724 airlift missions moved 13,500 relief workers and 21,000 tons of supplies to the area. The hurricane destroyed Homestead AFB, forcing its temporary closure. The 482 FW returned from its post-Andrew exile to MacDill AFB on 5 March 1994 to its new role as the predominant unit at the "new" Homestead ARB, while the former active duty 31 TFW moved to Aviano AB, Italy. (24)
1993: Through 27 August, continued violence against UN forces prompted the US to send 400 Army Rangers to Somalia. AMC flew them and their equipment there on 1 KC-10 and 5 C-5 missions. (18)
1994: OPEN SKIES. Through 31 August, the US and Ukraine conducted a joint trial flight. (16)
1995: A 2d Bomb Wing B-52H crew from Barksdale AFB set six speed records over a 10,000- kilometer close-circuit course, unrefueled and with a payload. Captains Russell Mathers, Dan Manuel, Hank Jenkins, Ralph Delatour and Allen Patton, of the 96th Bomb Squadron, made the record flight, nicknamed "Long Rifle." The B-52 took-off from Edwards AFB, flew to Adak NAS, Alaska, and returned in a record time of 11 hours 23 minutes, at an average speed of 556 miles per hour. The crew later earned the 1995 Gen Curtis E. LeMay award (AFNEWS, 1996) Through 29 August, 11 C-17 Globemaster IIIs from the 315 AW and 437 AW participated in their first exercise. The aircraft moved nearly 300 tons of cargo and personnel to Kuwait. (16)
1999: At Edwards AFB, the No. 2 F-22 successfully flew at 60 degrees angle-of-attack and demonstrated post-stall flight with thrust vectoring. (3)
2002: An F-22 Raptor from the AFFTC at Edwards AFB launched an AIM-9 Sidewinder, a supersonic heat-seeking air-to-air missile. This marked the F-22 program's first supersonic missile separation. (3)
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