The List 7291
To All,
.Good Wednesday morning September 10. .Still overcast and cool this morning. The sun is expected to appear by 11 and give us a high of 77 by 2. Busy week with classes wrapping up tomorrow. The yard is beckoning and the chicken cage needs some work. I hope that your week is going well. September 11 tomorrow….Do you remember where you were and what you were doing. I think a lot of folks have forgotten about it. We will remind you tomorrow.
Regards
skip
.HAGD
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/. Go here to see
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September 10
1813 During the War of 1812, Commodore Oliver H. Perry leads his fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie, flying his "Don't give up the ship" flag on the brig USS Lawrence, which is destroyed during battle. Rowing in open boat to Niagara with survivors, Perry brings the fleet into action and wins the engagement. Reporting on British squadron defeat, he writes: "We have met the enemy and they are ours...."
1846 John Y. Mason becomes the 18th Secretary of the Navy, serving until March 1849. This term is marked by efforts to sustain the Navy's force in the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific coast, to construct new steamers and an effort to obtain warships thorough the subsidization of civilian mail steamships.
1851 The paddle frigate USS Mississippi carries Gov. Louis Kossuth and the other refugees of the overthrown government of the Hungarian Republic from Dardanelles to Gibraltar.
1861 During the Civil War, USS Lexington and USS Conestoga support an armed advance at Lucas Bend, Mo. While supporting the advance, the vessels damage the Confederate gunboat, CSS Jackson, and silence a Confederate battery.
1944 Submarine USS Sunfish (SS 281) torpedoes and sinks Japanese merchant tanker, Chihaya Maru, east of Quelpart Island.
1945 USS Midway (CVB/CVA/CV 41) is commissioned as the lead ship of its class. USS Midway is the largest ship in the world until 1955. USS Midway serves for 47 years during the Vietnam War and as the Persian Gulf flagship in 1991's Operation Desert Storm. In 1992, USS Midway is decommissioned and is now a museum ship at the USS Midway Museum, in San Diego, CA.
2017 Hurricane Irma makes landfall as a Category 4 storm in the Florida Keys, and makes landfall a second time the same day on Marco Island on the state's Gulf Coast. The Navy responds by sending USS Wasp (LHD 1), USS Kearsarge (LHD 3), USS Oak Hill (LSD 51), USS Iwo Jima (LHD 7), USS New York (LPD 21), USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) and 16 aircraft to provide humanitarian assistance that lasts until Sept. 19.
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Today in World History
September 10
1419 John the Fearless is murdered at Montereau, France, by supporters of the dauphin.
1547 The Duke of Somerset leads the English to a resounding victory over the Scots at Pinkie Cleugh.
1588 Thomas Cavendish returns to England, becoming the third man to circumnavigate the globe.
1623 Lumber and furs are the first cargo to leave New Plymouth in North America for England.
1813 The nine-ship American flotilla under Oliver Hazard Perry wrests naval supremacy from the British on Lake Erie by capturing or destroying a force of six English vessels.
1846 Elias Howe patents the first practical sewing machine in the United States.
1855 Sevastopol, under siege for nearly a year, capitulates to the Allies during the Crimean War.
1861 Confederates at Carnifex Ferry, Virginia, fall back after being attacked by Union troops. The action is instrumental in helping preserve western Virginia for the Union.
1912 Jules Vedrines becomes the first pilot to break the 100 m.p.h. barrier.
1914 The six-day Battle of the Marne ends, halting the German advance into France.
1923 In response to a dispute with Yugoslavia, Mussolini mobilizes Italian troops on Serb front.
1961 Jomo Kenyatta returns to Kenya from exile, during which he had been elected president of the Kenya National African Union.
1963 President John F. Kennedy federalizes Alabama's National Guard to prevent Governor George C. Wallace from using guardsmen to stop public-school desegregation.
1967 Gibraltar votes to remain a British dependency instead of becoming part of Spain.
1974 Guinea-Bissau (Portuguese Guinea) gains independence from Portugal.
1981 Pablo Picasso's painting Guernica is returned to Spain and installed in Madrid's Prado Museum. Picasso stated in his will that the painting was not to return to Spain until the Fascists lost power and democracy was restored.
2001 Contestant Charles Ingram cheats on the British version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire, wins 1 million pounds.
2003 Sweden's foreign minister, Anna Lindh, is stabbed while shopping and dies the next day.
2007 Nawaz Sharif, former prime minister of Pakistan, returns after 7 years in exile, following a military coup in October 1999.
2008 The Large Hadron Collider, the world's largest and most powerful particle accelerator—described as the biggest scientific experiment in history—is powered up in Geneva, Switzerland.
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Rollingthunderremembered.com .
September 10
Thanks to Dan Heller and the Bear
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Thanks to Micro
From Vietnam Air Losses site for "for 10 September . .
10-Sep: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=1344
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Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
(This site was sent by a friend . The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature. https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
By: Kipp Hanley
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This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
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Thanks to History Facts
The Dutch and English "fought" a 335-year war without any battles.
The Isles of Scilly, a quiet archipelago off the coast of Cornwall in southwest England, is the unlikely site of one of the longest wars in history — although the 335-year conflict between the Dutch and the English was because of a clerical error rather than lingering animosity. There were no battles or bloodshed, and everybody involved forgot they were at war after just a few months. Starting in the 1640s, the British Isles were mired in a civil war between the Royalists, who supported the monarchy of Charles I and II, and Parliamentarians, who supported Parliament. The Dutch were longtime allies of the Royalists, but they predicted — rightly — that the Parliamentarians would be the victors. Wanting to be in England's good graces after the likely change in leadership, they threw their support behind the Parliamentarians. The Royalists were, predictably, unhappy about this, and started raiding along Dutch shipping routes in the English Channel. By 1651, the Royalist navy had been forced out of Cornwall and pushed back into the Isles of Scilly. The Netherlands saw an opportunity to confront its former allies about the damage to its trade ships, and sent 12 warships to demand reparations. When they didn't get what they wanted, Dutch Admiral Maarten Tromp declared war on the Isles of Scilly, and therefore the Royalists, on March 30. The Dutch forces were still there when the Parliamentarians took the Isles of Scilly from the Royalists that June. Since the region was no longer under Royalist control, the Dutch sailed home, leaving a major loose end: their declaration of war.For more than three centuries, life went on in the Isles of Scilly as if the war had ended when the Dutch left. But in 1986, a local Scillian historian named Roy Duncan wrote to the Dutch Embassy in London inquiring about the conflict. Sure enough, the embassy found documentation that the war had never technically ended, although it's unclear whether Admiral Tromp had the authority to declare war in the first place. Duncan invited Dutch Ambassador Rein Huydecoper to come to the Isles of Scilly to sign a peace treaty, thus officially ending the war on April 17, 1986.
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. Thanks to this Day in History
On September 10, 1897, a 25-year-old London taxi driver named George Smith becomes the first person ever arrested for drunk driving after slamming his cab into a building. Smith later pleaded guilty and was fined 25 shillings.
In the United States, the first laws against operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of alcohol went into effect in New York in 1910. In 1936, Dr. Rolla Harger, a professor of biochemistry and toxicology, patented the Drunkometer, a balloon-like device into which people would breathe to determine whether they were inebriated. In 1953, Robert Borkenstein, a former Indiana state police captain and university professor who had collaborated with Harger on the Drunkometer, invented the Breathalyzer. Easier-to-use and more accurate than the Drunkometer, the Breathalyzer was the first practical device and scientific test available to police officers to establish whether someone had too much to drink. A person would blow into the Breathalyzer and it would gauge the proportion of alcohol vapors in the exhaled breath, which reflected the level of alcohol in the blood.
Despite the invention of the Breathalyzer and other developments, it was not until the late 1970s and early 1980s that public awareness about the dangers of drinking and driving increased and lawmakers and police officers began to get tougher on offenders. In 1980, a Californian named Candy Lightner founded Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD, after her 13-year-old daughter Cari was killed by a drunk driver while walking home from a school carnival. The driver had three previous drunk-driving convictions and was out on bail from a hit-and-run arrest two days earlier. Lightner and MADD were instrumental in helping to change attitudes about drunk driving and pushed for legislation that increased the penalties for driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. MADD also helped get the minimum drinking age raised in many states.
Today, the legal drinking age is 21 everywhere in the United States and convicted drunk drivers face everything from jail time and fines to the loss of their driver's licenses and increased car insurance rates. Some drunk drivers are ordered to have ignition interlock devices installed in their vehicles. These devices require a driver to breathe into a sensor attached to the dashboard; the car won't start if the driver's blood alcohol concentration is above a certain limit.
Despite the stiff penalties and public awareness campaigns, drunk driving remains a serious problem in the United States. Each year, roughly 10,000 people die in alcohol-related crashes and more than one million people are arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
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From the archives
Economy"
Bill Gates has said that when it comes to understanding energy realities "we need to bring math to the problem." He's right.
Sunday, July 7, 2019
A week doesn't pass without a mayor, governor, policymaker or pundit joining the rush to demand, or predict, an energy future that is entirely based on wind/solar and batteries, freed from the "burden" of the hydrocarbons that have fueled societies for centuries. Regardless of one's opinion about whether, or why, an energy "transformation" is called for, the physics and economics of energy combined with scale realities make it clear that there is no possibility of anything resembling a radically "new energy economy" in the foreseeable future. Bill Gates has said that when it comes to understanding energy realities "we need to bring math to the problem."
He's right. So, in my recent Manhattan Institute report, "The New Energy Economy: An Exercise in Magical Thinking," I did just that.
Herein, then, is a summary of some of the bottom-line realities from the underlying math. (See the full report for explanations, documentation, and citations.)
Realities About the Scale of Energy Demand
1. Hydrocarbons supply over 80 percent of world energy: If all that were in the form of oil, the barrels would line up from Washington, D.C., to Los Angeles, and that entire line would grow by the height of the Washington Monument every week.
2. The small two-percentage-point decline in the hydrocarbon share of world energy use entailed over $2 trillion in cumulative global spending on alternatives over that period; solar and wind today supply less than two percent of the global energy.
3. When the world's four billion poor people increase energy use to just one-third of Europe's per capita level, global demand rises by an amount equal to twice America's total consumption.
4. A 100x growth in the number of electric vehicles to 400 million on the roads by 2040 would displace five percent of global oil demand.
5. Renewable energy would have to expand 90-fold to replace global hydrocarbons in two decades. It took a half-century for global petroleum production to expand "only" ten-fold.
6. Replacing U.S. hydrocarbon-based electric generation over the next 30 years would require a construction program building out the grid at a rate 14-fold greater than any time in history.
7. Eliminating hydrocarbons to make U.S. electricity (impossible soon, infeasible for decades) would leave untouched 70 percent of U.S. hydrocarbons use—America uses 16 percent of world energy.
Since 1995, total world energy use rose by 50 percent, an amount equal to adding two entire United States' worth of demand.
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8. Efficiency increases energy demand by making products & services cheaper: since 1990, global energy efficiency improved 33 percent, the economy grew 80 percent and global energy use is up 40 percent.
9. Efficiency increases energy demand: Since 1995, aviation fuel use/passenger-mile is down 70 percent, air traffic rose more than 10-fold, and global aviation fuel use rose over 50 percent.
10. Efficiency increases energy demand: since 1995, energy used per byte is down about 10,000-fold, but global data traffic rose about a million-fold; global electricity used for computing soared.
11. Since 1995, total world energy use rose by 50 percent, an amount equal to adding two entire United States' worth of demand.
12. For security and reliability, an average of two months of national demand for hydrocarbons are in storage at any time. Today, barely two hours of national electricity demand can be stored in all utility-scale batteries plus all batteries in one million electric cars in America.
13. Batteries produced annually by the Tesla Gigafactory (world's biggest battery factory) can store three minutes worth of annual U.S. electric demand.
14. To make enough batteries to store two day's worth of U.S. electricity demand would require 1,000 years of production by the Gigafactory (world's biggest battery factory).
15. Every $1 billion in aircraft produced leads to some $5 billion in aviation fuel consumed over two decades to operate them. Global spending on new jets is more than $50 billion a year—and rising.
16. Every $1 billion spent on data centers leads to $7 billion in electricity consumed over two decades. Global spending on data centers is more than $100 billion a year—and rising.
Realities about Energy Economics
17. Over a 30-year period, $1 million worth of utility-scale solar or wind produces 40 million and 55 million kWh respectively: $1 million worth of shale well produces enough natural gas to generate 300 million kWh over 30 years.
18. It costs about the same to build one shale well or two wind turbines: the latter, combined, produces 0.7 barrels of oil (equivalent energy) per hour, the shale rig averages 10 barrels of oil per hour.
19. It costs less than $0.50 to store a barrel of oil, or its equivalent in natural gas, but it costs $200 to store the equivalent energy of a barrel of oil in batteries.
20. Cost models for wind and solar assume, respectively, 41 percent and 29 percent capacity factors (i.e., how often they produce electricity). Real-world data reveal as much as ten percentage points less for both. That translates into $3 million less energy produced than assumed over a 20-year life of a 2-MW $3 million wind turbine.
If solar power scaled like computer-tech, a single postage-stamp-size solar array would power the Empire State Building. That only happens in comic books.
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21. In order to compensate for episodic wind/solar output, U.S. utilities are using oil- and gas-burning reciprocating engines (big cruise-ship-like diesels); three times as many have been added to the grid since 2000 as in the 50 years prior to that.
22. Wind-farm capacity factors have improved at about 0.7 percent per year; this small gain comes mainly from reducing the number of turbines per acre leading to a 50 percent increase in average land used to produce a wind-kilowatt-hour.
23. Over 90 percent of America's electricity, and 99 percent of the power used in transportation, comes from sources that can easily supply energy to the economy any time the market demands it.
24. Wind and solar machines produce energy an average of 25 percent–30 percent of the time, and only when nature permits. Conventional power plants can operate nearly continuously and are available when needed.
25. The shale revolution collapsed the prices of natural gas & coal, the two fuels that produce 70 percent of U.S. electricity. But electric rates haven't gone down, rising instead 20 percent since 2008. Direct and indirect subsidies for solar and wind consumed those savings.
Energy Physics… Inconvenient Realities
26. Politicians and pundits like to invoke "moonshot" language. But transforming the energy economy is not like putting a few people on the moon a few times. It is like putting all of humanity on the moon—permanently.
27. The common cliché: an energy tech disruption will echo the digital tech disruption. But information-producing machines and energy-producing machines involve profoundly different physics; the cliché is sillier than comparing apples to bowling balls.
28. If solar power scaled like computer-tech, a single postage-stamp-size solar array would power the Empire State Building. That only happens in comic books.
29. If batteries scaled like digital tech, a battery the size of a book, costing three cents, could power a jetliner to Asia. That only happens in comic books.
EVs using Chinese batteries will create more carbon-dioxide than saved by replacing oil-burning engines.
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30. If combustion engines scaled like computers, a car engine would shrink to the size of an ant and produce a thousand-fold more horsepower; actual ant-sized engines produce 100,000 times less power.
31. No digital-like 10x gains exist for solar tech. Physics limit for solar cells (the Shockley-Queisser limit) is a max conversion of about 33 percent of photons into electrons; commercial cells today are at 26 percent.
32. No digital-like 10x gains exist for wind tech. Physics limit for wind turbines (the Betz limit) is a max capture of 60 percent of energy in moving air; commercial turbines achieve 45 percent.
33. No digital-like 10x gains exist for batteries: maximum theoretical energy in a pound of oil is 1,500 percent greater than max theoretical energy in the best pound of battery chemicals.
34. About 60 pounds of batteries are needed to store the energy equivalent of one pound of hydrocarbons.
35. At least 100 pounds of materials are mined, moved and processed for every pound of battery fabricated.
36. Storing the energy equivalent of one barrel of oil, which weighs 300 pounds, requires 20,000 pounds of Tesla batteries ($200,000 worth).
37. Carrying the energy equivalent of the aviation fuel used by an aircraft flying to Asia would require $60 million worth of Tesla-type batteries weighing five times more than that aircraft.
38. It takes the energy equivalent of 100 barrels of oil to fabricate a quantity of batteries that can store the energy equivalent of a single barrel of oil.
39. A battery-centric grid and car world means mining gigatons more of the earth to access lithium, copper, nickel, graphite, rare earths, cobalt, etc.—and using millions of tons of oil and coal both in mining and to fabricate metals and concrete.
40. China dominates global battery production with its grid 70 percent coal-fueled: EVs using Chinese batteries will create more carbon-dioxide than saved by replacing oil-burning engines.
41. One would no more use helicopters for regular trans-Atlantic travel—doable with elaborately expensive logistics—than employ a nuclear reactor to power a train or photovoltaic systems to power a nation.
This article is republished with permission from Economics 21.
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. From the archives
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Thanks to Billy ...
A reading from Scripture!! Navy Scripture!
(Single Seat Version)
The Gospel according to St. Fresnel
Chapter One, Verses One through Six
1. In the Beginning, God created the heavens, and the Aircraft Carrier,
and the seas upon which to float it; and yet there was complete Darkness
upon the face of the earth. And, as I traveled, there came to me, as a
voice out of the darkness, an angel of the Lord, saying, "On centerline,
on Glideslope, three quarters of a mile, call the ball." I reflected
upon these words, for I was still yet engulfed in complete darkness.
With deep feeling and doubt overwhelming my countenance, I stareth
into the darkness and again askest myself, "Where is the guiding light!"
but the darkness prevailed over me.. Gazing in a searching
manner and seeing naught, I raised my voice saying, "Clara......."
2. And God spoke to me, and He said, "You're low....power". As the Lord
saith, so shall it be, and I added power; and lo, the ball riseth up
onto the bottom of the mirror. But it was a tainted red glow, and surely
indicateth Satan's own influence. And God spoke to me again saying,
"Power...Power...Power!!!!....fly the ball." And lo, the ball riseth up
and off the top of the lens, and the great darkness was upon me.
3. And the voice of the Angel came to me again, saying, "When
comfortable, twelve hundred feet, turn downwind." Whereupon I wandered
in the darkness, without direction, for surely the ships radar was beset
by demons, and there was great confusion cast upon CATCC, and there was
a great silence in which there was no comfort to be found. Even my TACAN
needle spinneth......and lo, there was chaos in my mind. An Angel from the past,
the trusted RAG LSO weepeth quietly unto himself in the memories of my training.
There was a great turmoil within my cockpit for a multitude of serpents had crept therein.
4. And though I wandered, as if by Providence I found myself within
that Holy Corridor, and at twelve hundred feet, among my brethren
seeking refuge; and the voice of the Angel of the Lord came to me again,
asking of me my needles, and I raised my voice saying, "Up and
centered", and the voice answered, "Roger, fly your needles...." I
reflected upon these words, and I raised my voice in prayer, for though
my gyro indicateth it not so, surely my aircraft hath been turned upside
down. Verily, as Beelzebub surely wrestled with me, a voice from within,
saith to me calmly, "Friend.....fly thy needles, and
find comfort in the Lord." And lo, with deep trembling in my heart, I
did, and He guideth me to centered glideslope and centerline, though I
know not how it came to be.
5. And out of the great darkness, God spoke to me again saying, "Roger
ball" for now I had faith. And though the ball began to rise at the in
close position, my left hand was full of the Spirit, and it squeeketh
off power and as in a great miracle my plane stoppeth upon the flight
deck, for it hath caught the four wire which God in his infinite wisdom
hath placed thirty feet further down the flight deck than the three
wire.
6. And thus bathed in a golden radiance from above, my pilgrimage was
at an end, and my spirit was truly reborn. And as I basked in the
rapture, God spoketh to me one final time, and He saith, "Lights out on
deck…
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. From the List Archives
Thanks to Dutch….Very interesting
Death of the dinos -
climate change almost immediately - and no one was burning fossil fuels - in fact, most hadn't even been formed - Dutch
Scientists uncover new evidence of the asteroid that killed off the dinosaurs
The Wall Street Journal
Dinosaur fossils kept secret for years show the day of killer asteroid
New research released after years of being kept under wraps captures a fossilized snapshot of the day nearly 66 million years ago when an asteroid smacked Earth.
Drilling into the seafloor off Mexico, scientists have extracted a unique geologic record of the single worst day in the history of life on Earth, when a city-sized asteroid smashed into the planet 65 million years ago, wiping out the dinosaurs and three-quarters of all other life.
Their analysis of these new rock samples from the Chicxulub crater, made public Monday, reveals a parfait of debris deposited in layers almost minute-by-minute at the heart of the impact during the first day of a global catastrophe. It records traces of the explosive melting, massive earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides and wildfires as the immense asteroid blasted a hole 100 miles wide and 12 miles deep, the scientists said.
The sediments also offer chemical evidence that the cataclysm blew hundreds of billions of tons of sulfur from pulverized ocean rock into the atmosphere, triggering a global winter in which temperatures world-wide dropped by as much as 30 degrees Fahrenheit for decades, the scientists said.
"It tells us what went on inside the crater on that day of doom that killed the dinosaurs," said Jay Melosh, a geophysicist at Purdue University who studies impact craters and wasn't a member of the drilling team. "All of this mayhem is directly recorded in the core."
The scientists in the drilling consortium, led by geophysicist Sean Gulick at the University of Texas in Austin, who was co-chief of the $10 million project, published their research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The project was sponsored by the International Ocean Discovery Program and the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program.
The scientists worked aboard a drilling ship called Lifeboat Myrtle anchored offshore from the Mexican port of Progreso. In 2016, they drilled into the crater's inner rim for the first time, buried in the seafloor under about 1,500 feet of limestone deposited in the millions of years since the impact.
Geologists study rocks as a record of compressed time, with ticks of the geologic clock typically measured in layers that accumulate over thousands of years. In the Chicxulub crater, though, hundreds of feet of sediments built up rapidly, recording impact effects like a high-speed stop-action camera, the scientists said.
"Here we have 130 meters in a single day," said Dr. Gulick. "We can read it on the scale of minutes and hours, which is amazing."
The asteroid blasted a cavity between 25 and 30 miles deep in the first seconds of impact, creating a boiling cauldron of molten rocks and super-heated steam, according to the scientists' interpretation of the rock. Rebounding from the hammer blow, a plume of molten rock splashed up into a peak higher than Mount Everest.
Within minutes, it collapsed into itself, splashing gigantic waves of lava outward that solidified into a ring of high peaks, the scientists said.
About 20 minutes or so later, sea water surged back over the newly formed peaks, covering them in a blanket of impact rocks, the scientists said. As minutes became hours, waves choked with shards of volcanic glass and splintered rock rippled back and forth, coating the peaks in a layer of impact rock called suevite, the scientists said. As the hours passed, the backwash of waves added more and more finely graded debris.
At the very top of the rock core, the scientists detected traces of organic matter and charcoal. "We think the reflected tsunami brought back these traces of land and these tiny, tiny charcoal fragments," said Dr. Gulick. "The land was clearly on fire."
Earth normally speeds through a cosmic rain of debris. In 2013, a relatively small meteor about 30 meters in diameter and weighing about 13,000 metric tons exploded in the air over Russia, damaging about 7,200 buildings and injuring about 1,400 people.
Inspired by the discovery of the Chicxulub crater in the 1970s, astronomers and NASA now routinely map the orbits of nearby asteroids and meteor swarms for signs of potentially lethal collisions. The space agency is planning a mission in 2021 to a nearby asteroid called Didymos to test ways to safely deflect a dangerous comet or asteroid before it strikes.
DEATH OF THE DINOS
Apocalyptic asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs 'hit with force of 10bn nukes and blotted out the Sun', study finds
Charlotte Edwards, Digital Technology and Science Reporter
9 Sep 2019, 20:00
THE GIANT asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs crashed into the planet and causes wildfires, tsunamis and so much atmospheric sulphur that day turned to night.
This is according to a new theory by scientists who have drilled almost a mile into the crater left by the asteroid that doomed the dinos.
The dinosaurs are thought to have died out 66 million years ago
Rocks that are essentially time capsules of when the apocalyptic asteroid smashed into Earth 66 million years ago have been dug up during a recent study.
They contained bits of charcoal, granite and other sediments that were were washed in by a towering 300 feet tsunami.
It's the most definitive evidence to date of the sheer scale of the wildfires and giant waves that devastated the planet.
Professor Sean Gulick, a geoscientist at The University of Texas at Austin, said: "They are all part of a rock record that offers the most detailed look yet into the aftermath of the catastrophe that ended the Age of Dinosaurs."
The event is actually thought to have wiped out three quarters of all the animal species on Earth.
Some were burned alive or drowned but most froze and starved to death.
The impact blasted so much sulphur into the atmosphere it blocked out the sun, say the British and US led team.
Professor Gulick described it as a short-lived regional inferno followed by a long period of global cooling.
He said: "They fried or froze. Not all the dinosaurs died that day but many dinosaurs did."
Professor Gulick and Prof Joanna Morgan, co-leaders of The International Ocean Discovery Program, dug out cores 4,265 feet (1,300m) below the submerged Chicxulub crater.
Lying 24 miles off the Yucatan Peninsula's port in Mexico, it is more than 115 miles wide and 20 miles deep. Half is underwater and the rest covered by rain forest.
The team conducted their work aboard a boat that was converted into a 40 foot high drilling station standing on three pillar-like legs.
They dug into the crust to collect their cylindrical samples.
The city-sized asteroid that crashed into Earth created gaping crater instantly.
There was evidence of rocks being vaporised when the six mile wide asteroid hit and this vaporisation would form sulphate aerosols in the atmosphere, resulting in cooling on a global scale.
The findings published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences confirm a theory that has been suggested, but never proven, for decades.
They also rule out other reasons for the extinction event ranging from the eruption of 'super volcanoes' to prehistoric climate change or rising sea levels.
The researchers analysed a 425 feet long (130 metre) core extracted from the 'peak ring', a circle of hills 60 feet underwater at the centre of the crater.
The crater was filled with debris in hours - either produced at the impact site itself or swept in by seawater pouring in from the surrounding Gulf of Mexico.
This rate of accumulation means the rocks record exactly what was happening within and around the crater at the time.
Lead author Professor Gulick said: "It's an expanded record of events that we were able to recover from within ground zero.
"It tells us about impact processes from an eyewitness location.
At least 325 billion metric tons of sulphur would have been released at the time of the natural disaster.
That's four orders of magnitude more than the amount spewed by the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883, which cooled Earth by 2.2 degrees Fahrenheit for five years.
Prof Gulick explained: "The presence of charcoal in the uppermost layers suggests the existence of impact-induced wildfires, whereas the absence of sulphur-rich evaporites from the deposit suggest the impact released a large amount of sulfate aerosols that could have caused global cooling and darkening."
This global climate change is thought to have caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs.
Prof Gulick said: "The real killer has got to be atmospheric. The only way you get a global mass extinction like this is an atmospheric effect."
The melted rocks, called breccia, also give clues about the longer-lasting effects of the asteroid that killed three quarters of life on the planet.
It was travelling at about 40,000mph and caused a blast 10 million times more powerful than the atomic bomb used in World War II.
It ignited trees and plants across thousands of miles and created a massive tsunami which travelled for miles.
Crater specialist Prof Jay Melosh, of Purdue University, who was not involved in the study, said: "It was a momentous day in the history of life.
"This is a very clear documentation of what happened at ground zero."
Why did the dinosaurs die out?
Here's what you need to know...
The dinosaur wipe-out was a sudden mass extinction event on Earth
It wiped out roughly three-quarters of our planet's plant and animal species around 66million years ago
This event marked the end of the Cretaceous period, and opened the Cenozoic Era, which we're still in today
Scientists generally believe that a massive comet or asteroid around 9 miles wide crashed into Earth, devastating the planet
This impact is said to have sparked a lingering "impact winter", severely harming plant life and the food chain that relied on it
More recent research suggests that this impact "ignited" major volcanic activity, which also led to the wiping-out of life
Some research has suggested that dinosaur numbers were already declining due to climate changes at the time
But a study published in March 2019 claims that dinosaurs were likely "thriving" before
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. .Thanks to 1440
Good morning. It's Wednesday, Sept. 10, and we're covering turmoil in a South Asian nation, Apple's latest product upgrades, and much more. .
Need To Know
Israel Strikes Qatar
Israel claimed responsibility for an airstrike yesterday targeting Hamas leaders in Qatar. Hamas said the strike killed five members but not senior leaders, including its lead negotiator.
The strike on Hamas' residential headquarters marks Israel's first known attack on Qatari soil. Earlier this year, Iran fired missiles on Qatar's Al Udeid Air Base (which hosts roughly 8,000 to 10,000 US troops) in retaliation for US strikes amid Iran's 12-day war with Israel. No casualties were reported in that strike, with the US intercepting most projectiles. Yesterday's attack came after Hamas leaders met with Qatari officials to discuss a US-proposed ceasefire in Gaza. Israel said it acted alone, calling the attack retaliation after Hamas claimed responsibility for a gun attack at a Jerusalem bus stop.
Meanwhile, Israel called for a full evacuation of Gaza City, where an estimated 1 million Palestinians reside, ahead of an expanded ground operation. Israel controls roughly 40% of the city.
Nepal Unrest Deepens
Nepal's military began deploying troops late yesterday after protests escalated despite Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli's resignation and the reversal of a social media ban that triggered the unrest. Four Cabinet ministers also resigned, leaving the government without clear leadership.
At least 22 people were killed a day earlier when security forces opened fire on demonstrators, many of them young, who had defied curfews across the capital and other cities. The protests erupted last week after authorities briefly banned social media platforms (see previous write-up). Crowds yesterday set fire to the parliament building, the Supreme Court, and several lawmakers' homes—the wife of a former official was critically burned—as anger spread over corruption, restricted freedoms, and unmet demands for reform.
Protesters said they would continue until parliament is dissolved and new elections are called. Oli, a communist, had been elected to a fourth term in 2024; it's not clear who will replace him.
'Awe Dropping' Apple
Apple unveiled its thinnest phone yesterday at its annual product launch event in Silicon Valley. At 0.22 inches and 5.8 ounces, the iPhone 17 Air is almost 30% slimmer and roughly 0.2 ounces lighter than the iPhone 16, while offering nearly half an inch more display. The Air and its two sibling models—the more powerful iPhone 17 Pro and more affordable iPhone 17—are all powered by Apple's latest A19 chips.
The tech giant also announced upgrades to the Apple Watch and AirPods, with an emphasis on health tracking. The Series 11 watches rate sleep quality, detect sleep apnea, and use machine learning to monitor blood pressure. Meanwhile, the latest AirPods Pro tracks wearers' heart rate and up to 50 workout types. The earbuds also use Apple Intelligence to facilitate real-time language translations.
The self-titled "Awe Dropping" event came amid tariff pressures and concerns that Apple's AI is lagging (w/audio). The company's shares fell roughly 1.5% yesterday.
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This Day in U S Military History
September 10
1813 – In the first unqualified defeat of a British naval squadron in history, U.S. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry leads a fleet of nine American ships to victory over a squadron of six British warships at the Battle of Lake Erie during the War of 1812. The battle was closely contested for hours, and Perry's flagship Lawrence was reduced to a defenseless wreck. He then transferred to the Niagara and sailed directly into the British line, firing broadsides and forcing the British to surrender. Perry had won a complete victory at the cost of 27 Americans killed and 96 wounded; British casualties were 40 dead and 94 wounded. After the battle, Perry sent a famous dispatch to U.S. General William Henry Harrison that read, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." The Battle of Lake Erie forced the British to abandon Detroit, ensuring U.S. control over Lake Erie and the territorial northwest.
1964 – Following the Tonkin Gulf incidents, in which North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked U.S. destroyers, and the subsequent passage of the Tonkin Gulf Resolution empowering him to react to armed attacks, President Lyndon Johnson authorizes a series of measures "to assist morale in South Vietnam and show the Communists [in North Vietnam] we still mean business." These measures included covert action such as the resumption of the DeSoto intelligence patrols and South Vietnamese coastal raids to harass the North Vietnamese. Premier Souvanna Phouma of Laos was also asked to allow the South Vietnamese to make air and ground raids into southeastern Laos, along with air strikes by Laotian planes and U.S. armed aerial reconnaissance to cut off the North Vietnamese infiltration along the route that became known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Eventually, U.S. warplanes would drop over 2 million tons of bombs on Laos as part of Operations Steel Tiger and Tiger Hound between 1965 and 1973.
2005 – Operation Restoring Rights begins in which approximately 5,000 soldiers from the 3rd Division of the Iraqi Security Force in conjunction with 3,500 troops from the U.S. Army's 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment and the 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment, 82nd Airborne Division entered the city of Tal Afar. The operation lasted until October and resulted in 10,000 pounds of explosives being uncovered and destroyed. Abu Musab al-Zarqawi accused the American military of using "poisonous gases" on Tal Afar in an audiotape received and posted on an Islamic website. The United States denied using chemical weapons in Tal Afar saying such reports were propaganda created by Abu-Mus'ab al-Zarqawi and were false and without merit. There was an incident in which US troops wore gas masks after discovering chlorine-based chemicals. The operation tested a new strategy of "clear, hold, build", in which areas would be purged of insurgents and then occupied and then rebuilt to win support from local people before being handed over to the Iraqi security forces. An ambitious reconstruction effort was immediately implemented. New sewers were dug and the fronts of shops, destroyed in the assault, were replaced within weeks. Numerous police stations were built or rebuilt in the town by an Anglo-American construction team led by Huw Thomas. In March 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush pointed to Tal Afar as a success story, where one could "see the outlines of the Iraq we've been fighting for". The operation was considered one of the first successful counterinsurgency operations in Iraq. Colonel H.R. McMaster, commander of the operation became an advisor to General David Petraeus in the planning and execution of the 2007 troop surge.
2010 – The Battle of the Palm Grove, a 4 day engagement, took place during the Iraq War when elements of the Second Advise and Assist Brigade (Stryker Brigade Combat Team), 25th ID of the US Army supported 200 Iraqi Army and Iraqi Police in a search and sweep operation against 15-25 insurgents planting IEDs in Hudaidy, Diyala Province. During the fighting, Apache attack helicopters and Air Force F-16 fighters were called in. The fighter jets dropped two 500-lb. bombs, but it seemed to no effect. After three days of clashes, the insurgent force managed to withdraw without suffering any casualties, while up to 33 members of the Iraqi security forces were killed or wounded and even two U.S. soldiers were also injured. The battle showed the continuing struggle of the Iraqi security forces with their abilities to take control of the security in the country, without the U.S. military. In the words of an Iraqi lieutenant, If it wasn't for the American air support and artillery we would never have dreamed of entering that orchard. It was also the last major battle of the war involving U.S. forces against insurgent elements.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
*CRAIG, GORDON M.
Rank and organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Reconnaissance Company, 1st Cavalry Division. Place and date: Near Kasan, Korea 10 September 1950. Entered service at. Brockton, Mass. Born: 1 August 1929, Brockton, Mass. G.O. No.: 23, 25 April 1951. Citation: Cpl. Craig, 16th Reconnaissance Company, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. During the attack on a strategic enemy-held hill his company's advance was subjected to intense hostile grenade mortar, and small-arms fire. Cpl. Craig and 4 comrades moved forward to eliminate an enemy machine gun nest that was hampering the company's advance. At that instance an enemy machine gunner hurled a hand grenade at the advancing men. Without hesitating or attempting to seek cover for himself, Cpl. Craig threw himself on the grenade and smothered its burst with his body. His intrepid and selfless act, in which he unhesitantly gave his life for his comrades, inspired them to attack with such ferocity that they annihilated the enemy machine gun crew, enabling the company to continue its attack. Cpl. Craig's noble self-sacrifice reflects the highest credit upon himself and upholds the esteemed traditions of the military service.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for September 10, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
10 September
1927: E. J. Hill and A. G. Schlosser set a FAI distance record for subclass A-7 balloons (1,600 to 2,200 cubic meters) in the Gordon Bennett International Balloon Race by flying 745 miles from Detroit, Mich., to Baxley, Ga. Georges Blanchett and Dr. George LeGallee also set a 49-hour duration record in the same event by flying to Waverly, Ga. His record went into the books for three subclasses: A-7, A-8 and A-9 (2,200 to 3,000 and 3,000 to 4,000 cubic meters). (9)
1942: The Secretary of War formed the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron. Then in October, female pilots began ferrying aircraft from production sites to airfields in the US. (18)
1944: Over 1,000 Eighth Air Force bombers, escorted by hundreds of fighters, raided aircraft factories, motor transport parks, engine plants, a jet engine plant, and German airfields. (4) The C-82 prototype made its first flight at Fairchild's plant at Hagerstown, Md. It was the first aircraft designed in World War II to carry cargo exclusively. (12)
1945: The USS Midway, first of the 45,000-ton class carriers, commissioned at Newport News. (24)
1950: KOREAN WAR. After USN Task Force 77 withdrew its close air support of the Eighth Army (see 3 September), General Stratemeyer asked General MacArther to direct all close air support requests to the Fifth Air Force. If unable to meet a request, Fifth Air Force would forward it to FEAF headquarters for coordination with the Commander, Naval Forces, Far East. (28)
1951: KOREAN WAR. South of Pyongyang, a 3 ARS H-5 helicopter, with fighter escort, rescued an F-80 pilot, Capt Ward M. Millar, 7 FBS. He suffered two broken ankles during his ejection from the jet, but escaped after two months as a prisoner of war and then evaded recapture for three weeks. The helicopter delivered Millar to Seoul. (28)
1953: First Douglas C-124C Globemaster delivered to MATS.
1956: First flight of the F-107.
1960: Operation SKY SHIELD. NORAD tested the defense readiness of American and Canadian radar and electronic systems. (24)
1964: Agreements between the Departments of Treasury, Defense, Interior, Commerce, the FAA, and NASA established the Joint Navigation Satellite Committee (JNSC). This committee evaluated requirements for a nonmilitary satellite system for air-sea navigation, traffic control, emergency and rescue operations, and related functions.
1965: The USAF launched the first Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) weather satellite, which enabled the Air Weather Service to gather global weather data. (2)
1969: Project Rulison occurred as the second in the Atomic Energy Commission's Operation Plowshare to explore peaceful uses of atomic energy. The first event, Cabriolet, involved a cratering experiment that took place on 26 January 1968 at the Nevada Test Site.
1974: Last Minuteman I transferred from SAC inventory to be replaced by Minuteman III. This action completed a modernization program to replace Minuteman I after 11 years of service in SAC.
1980: TYPHOON ORCHID. The typhoon caused severe flooding along the eastern coast of South Korea. An HH-3E helicopter from Osan AB rescued 229 people from swirling waters southeast of Osan. (16) (26)
1988: Through 15 September, MAC wings flew 100 tons of relief supplies and a field hospital to help victims of a flood in Bangladesh. The flood covered 3/4s of the country and almost all of the capital city, Dhaka, killing 1,200 people and leaving 28 million inhabitants homeless. (26)
1993: Boeing rolled out its 1000th 747 (747-400 model) commercial jet at Seattle. (20)
2003: A B-2A successfully dropped 80 independently targeted JDAM GBU-38 "smart" munitions against 80 separate targets at the Utah Test and Training Range to test a new Smart Bomb Rack Assembly (SBRA). The SBRA allowed the B-2 to carry, target, release, and control up to 80 GPS-guided weapons rather than its normal load of 16 weapons.
After an 11-sortie buildup toward qualifying the B-2 for the maximum munitions load, B-2 global power bomber combined test force experts successfully dropped the inert munitions. It happened at the Utah Test and Training Range, located approximately 80 miles west of Hill Air Force Base, Utah, according to Maj. William Power, 419th Flight Test Squadron project pilot.
2005: The first-ever C-130 combat mission by an all-female crew was flown from a forward location in Southwest Asia with 151 Marines and their equipment. The crew included Capt Carol J. Mitchell, aircraft commander; 1st Lt Siobhan Couturier, pilot; Capt Anita T. Mack, navigator; SSgt Josie E. Harshe, flight engineer; and loadmasters TSgt Sigrid M. Carrero-Perez and SrA Ci Ci Alonzo. The six women were all assigned to the 43 AW at Pope AFB and were deployed to the 737th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron to fly troops and cargo in and out of Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Horn of Africa. (22)
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