The List 7356
To All.
Good Saturday Morning November 15, 2025 . No problem with a forecast this morning just RAIN.
Until Wednesday and then more rain. The Tailhook get together last night was great. If you did not make it you missed a great one. Food, Drink and old friends who share a common bond,,,,it does not get much better than that.
Regards and have a great weekend.
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Make it a GREAT Day .
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.HAGD
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/. Go here to see the director's corner for all 93 H-Grams.
November 15
1836 Under the command of Lt. Henry H. Bell, the sloop-of-war Saint Louis conducts an exploratory expedition along the coast of Florida with four boats and 70 men.
1863 Fort Moultrie opens a heavy evening bombardment on Union Army positions at Cummings Point, S.C., which also results in the Union monitor Lehigh running aground. Still under Confederate fire in the morning, the monitor Nahant is able to release her. Five sailors from Lehigh receive Medals of Honor for their heroic line work that frees their ship.
1942 Navy SBDs (VS-10) and TBFs (VT-10), Marine Corps SBDs (VMSB-132), and Marine Corps and Army coast artillery and gunfire from USS Meade (DD 602) sink four Japanese transports off the northern coast of Guadalcanal.
1943 USS Crevalle (SS 291) sinks Japanese army cargo ship Kyokko Maru off San Antonio, Zambales province, Philippines.
1944 USS Frament (DE 677), while escorting captured Italian submarine Luigi Settembrini, collides with the sub 685 miles west of Gibraltar. Frament is damaged but Luigi Settembrini sinks. Frament rescues 14 survivors.
1944 USS Barbel (SS 316) attacks a Japanese convoy about 250 miles east of Tourane, French Indochina, sinks transports Misaki Maru and Sugiyama Maru, then escapes searches by minesweepers W.18 and W.20. USS Batfish (SS 310) sinks Japanese supply ship Kurasaki north-northwest of Cape Bolinao while USS Jack (SS 259) sinks transports Nichiel Maru and No.2 Yuzan Maru.
1960 The Polaris fleet ballistic missile weapon system becomes operational when USS George Washington (SSBN 598) gets underway with her principal armament of 16 Polaris A-1 missiles from NWS Charleston, SC.
1994 Cmdr. Donnie L. Cochran becomes the first African-American commanding officer of the Navy's Flight Demonstration Squadron, the Blue Angels.
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THIS DAY IN WORLD HISTORY `
November 15
1315 Swiss soldiers ambush and slaughter invading Austrians in the battle of Morgarten.
1533 The explorer Francisco Pizarro enters Cuzco, Peru.
1626 The Pilgrim Fathers, who have settled in New Plymouth, buy out their London investors.
1777 The Articles of Confederation, instituting perpetual union of the United States of America, are adopted by Congress.
1805 Meriwether Lewis, William Clark and their party reach the mouth of the Columbia River, completing their trek to the Pacific.
1806 Explorer Zebulon Pike discovers the Colorado Peak that bears his name, despite the fact that he didn't climb it.
1864 Union Major General William T. Sherman's troops set fires that destroy much of Atlanta's industrial district prior to beginning Sherman's March to the Sea.
1881 The American Federation of Labor is founded.
1909 R. Metrot takes off in a Voisin biplane from Algiers, making the first manned flight in Africa.
1917 Kerensky flees and Bolsheviks take command in Moscow.
1920 Forty-one nations open the first League of Nations session in Geneva..
1922 It is announced that Dr. Alexis Carrel has discovered white corpuscles.
1930 General strikes and riots paralyze Madrid, Spain.
1937 Eighteen lawsuits are brought against the Tennessee Valley Authority, calling for its dissolution.
1942 Having lost the second battleship in as many days, the Japanese navy withdraws from Guadalcanal. Following this three-day confrontation, the initiative at Guadalcanal, in the Solomons and the entire Pacific passes irretrievably from the Japanese to the Americans. [From MHQ—The Quarterly Journal of Military History
1946 The 17th Paris Air Show opens at the Grand Palais des Champs-Elysees. It is the first show of this kind since World War II.
1952 Newark Airport in New Jersey reopens after closing earlier in the year because of an increase in accidents.
1957 Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev asserts Soviet superiority in missiles, challenging the United States to a rocket-range shooting match.
1960 The first submarine with nuclear missiles, the USS George Washington, takes to sea from Charleston, South Carolina.
1962 Cuba threatens to down U.S. planes on reconnaissance flights over its territory.
1963 Argentina voids all foreign oil contracts.
1965 In the second day of combat, regiments of the 1st Cavalry Division battle on Landing Zones X-Ray against North Vietnamese forces in the Ia Drang Valley.
1969 A quarter of a million anti-Vietnam War demonstrators march in Washington, D.C.
1976 A Syrian peace force takes control of Beirut, Lebanon.
1984 Baby Fae dies 20 days after receiving a baboon heart transplant in Loma Linda, California.
1985 An Anglo-Irish Agreement is signed by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret Fitzgerald.
1988 The Palestinian National Council proclaims an independent State of Palestine.
1990 The People's Republic of Bulgaria is replaced by a new republican government.
2007 Cyclone Sidr strikes Bangladesh, killing an estimated 5,000 people.
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Thanks to the Bear. We will always have the url for you to search items in Rolling Thunder
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER …
. rollingthunderremembered.com .
Thanks to Micro
From Vietnam Air Losses site for ..November 15
15-Nov: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=2388
This following work accounts for every fixed wing loss of the Vietnam War and you can use it to read more about the losses in The Bear's Daily account. Even better it allows you to add your updated information to the work to update for history…skip
Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature.
https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
By: Kipp Hanley
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Thanks to Brett
The Philippines Courts Defense Alliances
Manila is boosting its standing by firming up its security partnerships.
By Victoria Herczegh
November 12, 2025
The Philippines has taken significant steps to expand its security partnerships in recent months. In early November, the countries of the informal Squad security grouping – the Philippines, Japan, Australia and the United States – signed an agreement to set up an Indo-Pacific defense cooperation council, suggesting a move toward a more formal alliance. Manila is also working on defense-focused deals with other regional players: South Korea's Hanwha Ocean proposed selling its KSS-III submarines to the Philippine navy, while Manila and Tokyo in October agreed in principle to allow their militaries to exchange logistics support, supplies and services. The Philippines also recently signed with Canada a visiting forces agreement – Ottawa's first such deal with an Indo-Pacific nation. It's pursuing an enhanced defense agreement with Australia and expanding already close ties with the United States, launching a joint military task force covering areas including the South China Sea. Overall, these moves indicate Manila's pursuit of a deeper regional defense network at a time of intense maritime boundary disputes.
Several factors explain the sudden emphasis on bilateral and multilateral partnerships. First, the U.S. is delegating greater responsibility for regional defense to its closest allies in the Indo-Pacific, encouraging greater self-sufficiency and burden-sharing among its partners. The Philippines is critical to this strategy, primarily because the Philippine archipelago is a gateway to disputed maritime zones in the region. Thus, earlier this year, Manila and Washington expanded basing and access arrangements under their Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement. Also important, major regional actors such as Japan and South Korea are ramping up defense spending and modernizing their own forces, opening opportunities for the Philippines to join a more advanced regional security architecture. Moreover, the disputed waters of the South China Sea remain a flashpoint: China's assertiveness, militarization of maritime features and often provocative behavior pose direct challenges to Philippine sovereignty as well as regional stability.
Beyond its efforts with external partners, Manila is also transforming its domestic defense posture. Last year, it released its Comprehensive Archipelagic Defense Concept, a plan to shift the military's focus from domestic to external security. The strategy involves a move toward a unilateral defense plan, aimed in part at developing a more streamlined command-and-control unit solely for territorial defense. Military drills conducted this year will cover a variety of operational domains and conflict scenarios, highlighting the nation's evolving defense strategy. The country is also spending significantly more – the proposed 2026 budget includes a 16 percent year-over-year increase in defense expenditure – and acquiring new weapons, such as BrahMos long-range anti-ship cruise missiles from India, advanced missile systems from U.S. allies and new offshore patrol vessels.
However, significant challenges remain, mainly stemming from tight finances, bureaucratic inefficiencies and structural constraints. When the Philippine Congress seeks cost-cutting opportunities, defense is often among the first targets. The initial $4.38 billion defense budget for 2025, for example, was eventually reduced to $1.34 billion. In addition, the long and complicated procurement process tends to delay acquisitions, often forcing planners to terminate planned purchases of expensive assets like submarines and fighter jets in exchange for cheaper alternatives, such as drones or second-hand ships. Pension obligations also take up a large share of defense spending (Philippine service members do not contribute to their own retirement, meaning the government must foot the entirety of the bill), leaving less money for modernization. Another issue is the Philippines' weak domestic defense industry, which forces Manila to rely heavily on foreign suppliers. A 2024 law aimed at promoting defense self-reliance could spur changes on this front, but significant shifts will require time and sustained commitment.
Manila's push to formalize the Squad alliance, and possibly include new members like India and South Korea, would be an opportunity for deeper integration in a regional defense network. Existing members are looking at expanding intelligence sharing, joint drills and operational coordination, as well as greater and easier access to each other's military capabilities. For Manila, participation in a formal defense alliance would also improve its international credibility, a key consideration as U.S. allies accept increasingly active defense roles in the region. However, the danger in cementing this partnership is that it could provoke Beijing and drag Manila deeper into the rivalry between China and the U.S.
On this front, the Philippines has maintained ties with both countries, but for different reasons. Its defense partnership with Washington is deep and well-established. In recent months, the two countries have increased joint exercises, and the U.S. has deployed some of its most advanced weapons systems to the Philippines, strengthening deterrence and bringing Manila closer to Washington's strategic priorities. However, the Philippines has been careful not to push China away. Beijing has been a key economic partner for Manila through their trade and investment ties, including the provision of large infrastructure loans and development grants.
China's main interest in the region is to secure access to maritime trade routes and to dominate the South China Sea. For the foreseeable future, China is extremely unlikely to instigate an armed conflict with the Philippines, given the risks and uncertain outcome. But it's also likely to continue to apply pressure on the Philippines through maritime provocations (including occasional clashes at sea and harassment of Philippine naval vessels) and diplomatic coercion. And the Philippines is continuously planning for a possible Chinese incursion, repeatedly conducting military drills in which it practices fighting off an enemy relying solely on its own defenses for up to 30 days before requiring U.S. backup.
Both militarily and diplomatically, the Philippines is better positioned for a challenge from an adversary than it was a few years ago. Its regional network of alliances is deepening, it's made progress in its military modernization push, and it's increasingly adopting a more proactive, rather than reactive, posture. Still, it faces significant hurdles. In addition to budgetary constraints and defense industry gaps, it has a huge maritime area to defend, and China's military capabilities far surpass Manila's. The scale of the challenge means that Manila cannot rely solely on its own might, nor can it aspire to match China's power anytime soon. Cooperation with the U.S., Japan, South Korea, Australia, Canada and potentially other nations will be key. It will also need to avoid being drawn into a broader power competition and balance its defense needs with other priorities.
Overall, when it comes to maritime security in the Indo-Pacific, the Philippines is a more significant player than it used to be. But its long-term success will depend on the progress of its modernization drive and its ability to leverage its partnerships and navigate shifting strategic challenges without being overwhelmed by them.
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Thanks to the Smithsonian
A Fire Ravaged a Historic 200-Year-Old Tavern in Ohio. These Are the Artifacts Archaeologists Found in the Wreckage
Excavations at the Overfield Tavern Museum revealed a treasure trove of objects, including jewelry, dishware, a bottle cork, a smoking pipe and early American currency
Ceramic smoking pipe
A fragment of a ceramic smoking pipe found on the site Overfield Tavern Museum
In December 2024, a historic tavern in Ohio went up in flames. The 200-year-old building, which had been operating as a museum, has been closed ever since. But the Overfield Tavern hasn't been abandoned. Instead, archaeologists have been excavating the site, unearthing historic artifacts from early Ohio history.
With the help of volunteers, researchers have discovered part of a smoking pipe, jewelry, buttons and fragments of hand-painted dishware. They also unearthed early American currency, including a penny from 1846 and a 50-cent coin minted in 1817.
"The 1817 50-cent piece was found under the floor inside the tavern and may have been used to purchase a beverage or meal at the tavern when it was in operation," M. Chris Manning, executive director of the Overfield Tavern Museum, tells Popular Science's Laura Baisas. "We also found large amounts of animal bones, particularly pig and fish, which reflects the diet of the early occupants."
log
The log tavern was the first building in Troy, Ohio. Overfield Tavern Museum
Founded by Benjamin and Margaret Overfield in 1808, the Overfield Tavern is located in Troy, about 20 miles north of Dayton. As Troy's first building, it quickly became a cornerstone of a new community. Its downstairs functioned as a tavern, while an upstairs room was used for public forums, political meetings and auctions.
The tavern was operational until 1824, when the Overfields sold the space and moved their tavern business. The old building's original appearance was restored in 1948, and the tavern became the headquarters of the nascent Troy Historical Society in the 1960s. In the 1970s, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.
Quick fact: Ohio's journey to statehood
Benjamin and Margaret Overfield relocated to the area from Pennsylvania when Ohio became America's 17th state in 1803.
In recent years, the building has been known as the Overfield Tavern Museum. Before the fire, it functioned as a carefully furnished recreation of the original tavern, offering visitors a glimpse into daily life in early 19th-century Ohio.
A few months ago, museum leaders contacted Ohio Valley Archaeology, Inc. (OVAI). As Manning says in a video created by the museum, they were interested in excavating the site before beginning to restore the tavern—a process that will include replacing the floor.
archaeologist
Researchers from Ohio Valley Archaeology, Inc. spent ten days investigating the site. Overfield Tavern Museum
In October, OVAI researchers conducted a ten-day investigation of the tavern. After first scanning the backyard with ground-penetrating radar, they excavated a "substantial limestone foundation in the backyard that extends almost six feet underground," Manning tells Fox News Digital's Andrea Margolis. "[It] was paved on the bottom with a layer of brick flooring." The team thinks this structure may have been an ice house or root cellar built in the early 19th century.
Researchers searched the dirt beneath the tavern's floor and other spots in the yard and found many additional small artifacts, including a bottle cork, a clear bead and gun flint, according to the museum's Facebook page. Multiple animal bones found on the site probably belonged to some of the recorded 78 hogs the Overfields owned in 1810.
50-cent piece
A 50-cent piece from 1817 was found beneath the floor. Overfield Tavern Museum
"I would estimate that the number of artifacts recovered is around 4,500," Manning tells Fox News Digital. "We won't know until the archaeologists complete their lab analysis."
Not all the finds date to the tavern's early years. According to Fox News Digital, some of the recovered artifacts are likely from the late 20th century. Others are much older, including several prehistoric arrowhead fragments, per Popular Science.
Archaeologist Brenda L. Detty, the principal investigator for the Overfield project, says in the video that after the dig, all artifacts will go to OVAI's lab in Columbus. There, the researchers will analyze the items and write a report.
Ceramic fragments found under the kitchen floorboards Overfield Tavern Museum
The staff of the Overfield Tavern Museum hope to reopen in late 2027. Some of the archaeological finds will go on display at the site.
"Despite the devastation of the fire and the loss of invaluable museum objects, we are excited about the future and the opportunity we have to tell the story of Troy's original gathering place even better than before," Manning tells Popular Science.
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Thanks to Brett
Archaeology - https://share.google/C3cJiewHw4xuNBvVD
In depths of a New Zealand swamp, scientists unearthed a massive ancient kauri tree, preserved for over 40,000 years like a wooden time capsule. What made this prehistoric giant extraordinary was hidden in its rings they revealed that the tree had lived through the Laschamp Excursion, a rare reversal of Earth's magnetic poles. Even more remarkable was evidence of the Adams Event, a period just before the reversal when Earth's magnetic field collapsed to as little as 0–6% of its normal strength. During this magnetic collapse, Earth's protective shield against cosmic and solar radiation weakened dramatically. The planet was bombarded with intense radiation, triggering sweeping climate upheavals as ice sheets expanded, weather patterns shifted, and regions like parts of Australia turned into desert. Some scientists believe this event may have played a role in the extinction of the Neanderthals and pushed early humans into caves, where they created the earliest known symbolic art as a response to their changed world. Today, the ancient kauri serves as both a relic of the past and a warning for the future. Its preserved rings tell the story of a planet on the brink, reminding us that Earth's magnetic field is neither unchanging nor guaranteed. If a similar collapse occurred now, our modern technology satellites, communications, power grids along with global climate stability, could face catastrophic disruption. (see photo of the tree at the link)
Brett
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Thanks to Nice News
"Home Alone" Premiered 35 Years Ago: Here's How You Can Celebrate the Anniversary
Cinematic Collection
On Nov. 16, 1990, moviegoers across the U.S. first met 8-year-old Kevin McCallister (famously played by Macaulay Culkin) as he reveled in his newfound freedom after his parents accidentally left him behind before a Christmas trip to Paris — and later protected his family's home from robbers. Viewers immediately loved Home Alone: It dominated the domestic box office for 12 consecutive weekends, racking in a lifetime total of $285 million. And in 2025, the '90s flick is still considered a nostalgic classic.
In tandem with the 35-year anniversary of the film's release, Culkin reprised his role in an ad campaign for Home Instead, a company that provides care for aging loved ones. This time, Kevin is concerned about his mom being left home alone, and gets some sage advice from the granddaughter of his childhood neighbor, Old Man Marley.
The 45-year-old actor is also embarking on the second annual tour of the film later this month, which includes a screening of the movie in select cities followed by a live interview with Culkin. While attending last year's event, Cinemablend's Mick Joest called it "something you don't want to miss," adding: "It turns out that screening this movie with a bunch of millennials and their children is absolutely incredible, and I really got a sense of how much people love this movie as much as I do."
Unable to attend the tour? You can watch Home Alone on Disney+ or Amazon Prime Video —
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Thanks to Brett
Guinea Shakes Up Global Iron Ore Market
Decades in the making, the Simandou project is the largest mining venture ever undertaken.
By: Geopolitical Futures
After three decades, Guinea has officially inaugurated the Simandou mine, with the first shipment of iron ore expected to depart for China within weeks. Development of the project began in the late 1990s when Rio Tinto, the Anglo-Australian mining company, first identified industrial-scale deposits in the Simandou mountains. Since then, progress has been hindered by political instability and shifting ownership.
Valued at more than $23 billion, the Simandou project is the largest mining venture ever undertaken.. It includes construction of a 552-kilometer (343-mile) railway linking the two new mines in the Simandou mountains to a new deep-water port on Guinea's coast. Production is projected to ramp up to 120 million metric tons of high-grade iron ore annually by 2030, a level that will significantly reshape global supply. Although Guinea is not currently among the world's top 10 iron ore producers, it is expected to rise to third place once Simandou reaches full capacity.
For China, the project holds strategic importance. Rio Tinto has supplied iron ore from Australia to China for nearly 50 years, underpinning both economies. In 2024, Australia accounted for 54.3 percent of global iron ore exports, while China imported 73.4 percent of global supply, underscoring their mutual dependence. Simandou's launch introduces a new supply source that could reshape market dynamics, especially after the recent slowdown in China's property sector, which reduced steel production by about 5 percent year-on-year. By diversifying its imports, Beijing gains greater leverage in price and supply negotiations with dominant producers like Rio Tinto. For Guinea, meanwhile, the mine opening looks to build on its success as the world's largest bauxite exporter, another sector transformed by heavy Chinese investment.
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Thanks to History Facts
. 5 Facts About the Golden Age of Radio
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It's easy to take for granted today, but the emergence of broadcast radio was a seismic shift in early 20th-century culture. Born out of ship-to-shore wireless telegraph communication at the turn of the 20th century, broadcast radio represented an entirely new pastime by the time it began to mature in the 1920s. The golden age of radio was the period from the 1920s to the 1950s when the medium was at its absolute peak in both program variety and popularity. Radio grew massively during this era: In 1922, Variety reported that the number of radio sets in use had reached 1 million. By 1947, a C.E. Hooper survey estimated that 82% of Americans were radio listeners. In addition to the music, news, and sports programming that present-day listeners are familiar with, radio during this period included scripted dramas, action-adventure series such as The Lone Ranger, science fiction shows such as Flash Gordon, soap operas, comedies, and live reads of movie scripts. Major film stars including Orson Welles got their start in radio (Welles became a household name in the wake of the infamous panic sparked by his 1938 broadcast of The War of the Worlds), and correspondents such as Edward R. Murrow established the standard for broadcast journalism. President Franklin D. Roosevelt used the medium to regularly give informal talks, referred to as fireside chats, to Americans listening at home. But radio was also largely influenced by advertisers, who sometimes wielded control of programming right down to casting and the actual name of the program, resulting in some awkward-sounding show titles, such as The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour. The golden age of radio was a combination of highbrow and lowbrow content, offering both enduring cultural touchstones and popular ephemera — much like the television that eclipsed it. Read on for five more facts from this influential era.
The First Commercial Jingle Aired in 1926
The first known radio advertisement was a real-estate commercial for the Hawthorne Court Apartments in Jackson Heights, Queens, broadcast by New York station WEAF in August 1922. There's a bit of disagreement over whether the duration of the ad was 10 minutes or 15 minutes, but fortunately for listeners, it wasn't long before the ad format was pared down considerably. In 1926, when General Mills predecessor Washburn-Crosby was looking for a way to boost the languishing sales of Wheaties, it turned to its company-owned radio station in Minneapolis (WCCO) for what ended up being a much shorter form of commercial. WCCO head of publicity Earl Gammons wrote a song about the cereal called "Have You Tried Wheaties?" and Washburn-Crosby hired a barbershop quartet to sing it, thus creating the first radio jingle. Due to limited recording capabilities during the first three years of the ad campaign, the Wheaties Quartet (as they were known) performed the jingle live at the station every time the commercial aired. The decidedly manual campaign worked, as it led to the Minneapolis-St. Paul area comprising more than 60% of Wheaties' total sales. When the ad campaign was expanded nationally, sales of Wheaties increased throughout the country, establishing the effectiveness of the jingle and the influence of advertising on the medium. By 1948, American advertisers were spending more than $100 million per year (around $1.2 billion today) on radio commercials.
The "Big Three" Networks Were Born in Radio
In 1926, RCA, the Radio Corporation of America, bought the radio station WEAF from AT&T and added the infrastructure to its New York and New Jersey station, WJZ. The combined assets established RCA's broadcast network, dubbed the National Broadcasting Company, or NBC. On November 1 that same year, NBC officially became two networks: NBC Red (extending from WEAF) and NBC Blue (extending from WJZ). The upstart networks soon had a competitor. In 1927, frustrated talent agents Arthur Judson and George Coats resolved their inability to land a contract to get their clients work with NBC by forming their own radio network, United Independent Broadcasters. The network quickly changed its name to Columbia Phonograph Broadcasting Company after a merger with Columbia Phonograph and Records. Unfortunately for Judson and Coats, they were no more effective as would-be radio network moguls than they were as radio talent agents: The network operated at a loss, and it wasn't long before Judson sold it to a relative who had been an initial investor, William S. Paley. On January 29, 1929, Paley shortened the network's name to Columbia Broadcasting Company, or CBS. The same year, NBC established the country's first coast-to-coast radio infrastructure, but in 1934, antitrust litigation resulted in the FCC ordering the company to sell either the Red or Blue network. Years of appeals followed, finally resulting in NBC electing to sell the Blue network to Life Savers and Candy Company owner Edward J. Noble. Noble renamed it the American Broadcasting Company, and ABC was born.
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A Ventriloquist Show Was One of Radio's Biggest Hits
A form as visual and illusion-based as ventriloquism seems like a poor fit for an audio-only medium, but from 1937 to 1957, The Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy Show was an American radio institution. It was the top-rated show for six years of its run, and in the top seven for all but its final five years. Ventriloquist Edgar Bergen started in vaudeville, and it was his guest appearance on Rudy Vallée's Royal Gelatin Hourin 1936 that introduced him to the radio audience. The appeal of the show was Bergen's vaudevillian skill at performing multiple comedic voices, and his quick and salacious wit as Charlie, roasting celebrity guests and using the dummy's nonhuman innocuousness to get away with censorship-pushing double-entendres. Though the show included a live studio audience, Bergen all but dropped the traditional ventriloquism requirement of not moving his lips while voicing Charlie. As he reasoned, "I played on radio for so many years… it was ridiculous to sacrifice diction for 13 million people when there were only 300 watching in the audience."
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FM Radio Almost Didn't Take Off
Inventor Edwin H. Armstrong earned prestige for creating the regenerative circuit in 1912, a modification to the vacuum tube that led to the dawn of modern radio. In the late 1920s, he set out to find a way to eliminate static from broadcasts, and received initial support in the endeavor from RCA President David Sarnoff. Sarnoff allowed Armstrong to use the RCA radio tower atop the Empire State Building to conduct experiments, and Armstrong agreed to give RCA first rights to the resulting product. When Armstrong demonstrated his static-free invention in 1935, what he unveiled was an entirely new broadcast technology using frequency modulation (FM) instead of the existing AM band. Sarnoff, however, had wanted an improvement to AM, and saw FM as a threat to both RCA's existing AM infrastructure and the emerging television technology RCA was investing in: He feared it would render AM equipment obsolete, and that FM radios would compromise the nascent market for television sets. Instead of embracing FM, RCA withdrew its support of Armstrong. With no support elsewhere in the broadcast industry, Armstrong set up his own fledgling FM station in hopes of promoting high fidelity radio, but he spent years in court mired in a byzantine tangle of regulatory and patent battles. FM eventually caught on, of course, but not until after radio's golden age had passed: The FCC finally authorized an FM broadcasting standard in 1961.
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The Last Shows of the Golden Age Ended in 1962
On September 30, 1962, the final two remaining scripted radio shows signed off for the last time on CBS. The detective series Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar ended a run that day that began in 1949, and mystery-drama Suspense ended a 20-year run that had begun on June 17, 1942. As evidenced by its longevity, Suspense was particularly venerable; it was a Peabody Award winner whose scripts drew from classical literature, stage plays and screenplays, and entirely original material. Suspense attracted top guest stars such as Humphrey Bogart, Bette Davis, Cary Grant, Bela Lugosi, Rosalind Russell, and James Stewart. CBS even produced a television adaptation that began airing in 1949, but it was canceled in 1954, outlasted by the original version on the radio.
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This Day in U S Military History November 15
1806 – Approaching the Colorado foothills of the Rocky Mountains during his second exploratory expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike spots a distant mountain peak that looks "like a small blue cloud." The mountain was later named Pike's Peak in his honor. Pike's explorations of the newly acquired Louisiana Territory of the United States began before the nation's first western explorers, Lewis and Clark, had returned from their own expedition up the Missouri River. Pike was more of a professional military man than either Lewis or Clark, and he was a smart man who had taught himself Spanish, French, mathematics, and elementary science. When the governor of Louisiana Territory requested a military expedition to explore the headwaters of the Mississippi, General James Wilkinson picked Pike to lead it. Although Pike's first western expedition was only moderately successful, Wilkinson picked him to lead a second mission in July 1806 to explore the headwaters of the Red and Arkansas Rivers. This route took Pike across present-day Kansas and into the high plains region that would later become the state of Colorado. When Pike first saw the peak that would later bear his name, he grossly underestimated its height and its distance, never having seen mountains the size of the Rockies. He told his men they should be able to walk to the peak, climb it, and return before dinner. Pike and his men struggled through snow and sub-zero temperatures before finally taking shelter in a cave for the night, without even having reached the base of the towering mountain. Pike later pronounced the peak impossible to scale. The remainder of Pike's expedition was equally trying. After attempting for several months to locate the Red River, Pike and his men became hopelessly lost. A troop of Spanish soldiers saved the mission when they arrested Pike and his men. The soldiers escorted them to Santa Fe, thus providing Pike with an invaluable tour of that strategically important region, courtesy of the Spanish military. After returning to the United States, Pike wrote a poorly organized account of his expedition that won him some fame, but little money. Still, in recognition of his bravery and leadership during the western expeditions, the army appointed him a brigadier general during the War of 1812. He was killed in an explosion during the April 1813 assault on Toronto.
1864 – Union General William T. Sherman begins his expedition across Georgia by torching the industrial section of Atlanta and pulling away from his supply lines. For the next six weeks, Sherman's army destroyed most of Georgia before capturing the Confederate seaport of Savannah, Georgia. Sherman captured Atlanta in early September after a long summer campaign. He recognized that he was vulnerable in the city, however, as his supply lines stretched all the way from Nashville, Tennessee. Confederate raiders such as Nathan Bedford Forrest threatened to cut his lines, and Sherman had to commit thousands of troops to protect the railroads and rivers that carried provisions for his massive army. Sherman split his army, keeping 60,000 men and sending the rest back to Nashville with General George Thomas to deal with the remnants of General John Bell Hood's Army of Tennessee, the force Sherman had defeated to take Atlanta. After hearing that President Lincoln had won reelection on November 8, Sherman ordered 2,500 light wagons loaded with supplies. Doctors checked each soldier for illness or injuries, and those who were deemed unfit were sent to Nashville. Sherman wrote to his general in chief, Ulysses S. Grant, that if he could march through Georgia it would be "proof positive that the North can prevail." He told Grant that he would not send couriers back, but to "trust the Richmond papers to keep you well advised." Sherman loaded the surplus supplies on trains and shipped them back to Nashville. On November 15, the army began to move, burning the industrial section of Atlanta before they left. One witness reported "immense and raging fires lighting up whole heavens … huge waves of fire roll up into the sky; presently the skeleton of great warehouses stand out in relief against sheets of roaring, blazing, furious flames." Sherman's famous destruction of Georgia had begun.
1906 – Curtis E. Le May, air force general and VP candidate, was born. Curtis Emerson Le May graduated from Ohio State University in 1928. He received his pilots wings at the Air Corps Flying School in 1929, the beginning of a thirty-eight year military career from a pilot in the elite First Pursuit Croup to Chief of Staff United States Air Force. "Curt" Le May was respected throughout his service for his vision, high order of discipline, and the professionalism he demanded of himself and his commands. From fighter pilot to bombardment pilot in the mid-1930's, he pioneered and became a leading expert in aerial celestial navigation. He proved his thesis on the 1938 B-17 Goodwill Flight to South America and the intercept of the ocean liner Rex, 800 miles off the U.S. coast in 1940. As Commander of the 305th Bombardment Group in England in 1942 and later as Commander of the 3rd Air Division, he developed the novel tactic of low altitude, non-evasive bombing. This was to become a major technique of World War II strategic air operations. In 1944, he assumed command of the struggling 20th Air Force B-29 operations in China. Later in 1945, he moved to the Marianas Islands in the Pacific to lead the 21st Air Force B-29's in low altitude operations in the final air assault on Japan. After the war, he was Deputy Chief of Staff for Research and Development and then Commander U.S. Air Forces in Europe where he organized the historic Berlin Airlift in 1947, employing air power for humanitarism. He led the Strategic Air Command from 1948 to 1957, when he became Vice Chief and then Chief of Staff of the Air Force in 1961. He led the Air Force through its transformation into an all jet force of great mobility, missiles, and high professionalism. General Le May retired from active service in 1965.
1960 – The first submarine with nuclear missiles, the USS George Washington, took to sea from Charleston, South Carolina.
2006 – The battle of Turki began after Lt. Col. Andrew Poppas, commander of the 5th Squadron, 73rd Cavalry, a unit of the 82nd Airborne Division, and other soldiers flew over the area on a reconnaissance mission on November 12. From the helicopters, they spotted a white car covered by shrubbery and a hole in the ground that appeared to be a hiding place. The colonel dropped off an eight-man team and later sent other soldiers to sweep the area. Gunfire erupted on November 15 when C Troop paratroopers ran into an ambush near the village of Turki. Several insurgents feigned surrender to lure American troops out of their up-armored humvees and onto the ground. This tactic would be repeated to draw in members from A and B Troops in other locations. Officers said that in this battle, unlike the vast majority of engagements in Diyala, insurgents stood and fought, even deploying a platoon-sized unit that showed remarkable discipline and that one captain said was in "perfect military formation." Insurgents throughout Iraq usually avoid direct confrontation with the Americans, preferring to use hit-and-run tactics and melting away at the sight of American armored vehicles. The insurgents had built a labyrinth network of trenches in the farmland, with sleeping areas and significant weapons caches. Two anti-aircraft guns had been hidden away. The fighting eventually became so intense that the Americans called in airstrikes, provided by both helicopter gunships and F16s. American commanders said they called in 12 hours of airstrikes while soldiers shot their way through a reed-strewn network of canals in extremely close combat. The fighting lasted for more than 40 hours. High level terrorist leaders were thought to have been present. The stiff resistance from insurgent fighters was believed to have given these leaders time to escape. In the end the 5th Squadron managed to destroy the insurgent trench system established in the area. Six insurgent weapons caches were also uncovered during the battle. The caches included more than 400,000 rounds of small-arms ammunition, 15,000 rounds of heavy machine gun ammunition, five mortar bipods, three heavy machine guns, three anti-tank weapons, two recoilless rifles and numerous mortar rounds, grenades, flares and other artillery rounds. But many more insurgent training camps remain in the area. An American captain and a lieutenant, both West Point graduates, were killed in the battle along with 72 insurgents and 20 insurgents were captured.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
BONG, RICHARD 1. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Army Air Corps. Place and date: Over Borneo and Leyte, 10 October to 15 November 1944. Entered service at: Poplar, Wis. Birth: Poplar, Wis. G.O. No.: 90, 8 December 1944. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action above and beyond the call of duty in the Southwest Pacific area from 10 October to 15 November 1944. Though assigned to duty as gunnery instructor and neither required nor expected to perform combat duty, Maj. Bong voluntarily and at his own urgent request engaged in repeated combat missions, including unusually hazardous sorties over Balikpapan, Borneo, and in the Leyte area of the Philippines. His aggressiveness and daring resulted in his shooting down 8 enemy airplanes during this period.
BALDONADO, JOE R.
Rank and Organization: Corporal, U.S. Army, Company B, 187th Airborne Infantry Regiment. Place and Date: November 15, 1950. Kangdong, Korea. Born: August 28, 1930, Colorado. Departed: Yes (11/25/1950). Entered Service At: Santa Clara, CA. G.O. Number: . Date of Issue: 03/18/2014. Accredited To: . Citation: Baldonado distinguished himself on Nov. 25, 1950, while serving as a machine-gunner in the vicinity of Kangdong, Korea. Baldonado's platoon was occupying Hill 171 when the enemy attacked, attempting to take their position. Baldonado held an exposed position, cutting down wave after wave of enemy troops even as they targeted attacks on his position. During the final assault by the enemy, a grenade landed near Baldanado's gun, killing him instantly. His remains still have not been found.
*JORDAN, MACK A.
Rank and organization: Private First Class, U.S. Army, Company K 21st Infantry Regiment, 24th Infantry Division. Place and date: Near Kumsong, Korea, 15 November 1951. Entered service at: Collins, Miss Born: 8 December 1928, Collins, Miss. G.O. No.: 3, 8 January 1953 Citation: Pfc. Jordan, a member of Company K, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and indomitable courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. As a squad leader of the 3d Platoon, he was participating in a night attack on key terrain against a fanatical hostile force when the advance was halted by intense small-arms and automatic-weapons fire and a vicious barrage of handgrenades. Upon orders for the platoon to withdraw and reorganize, Pfc. Jordan voluntarily remained behind to provide covering fire. Crawling toward an enemy machine gun emplacement, he threw 3 grenades and neutralized the gun. He then rushed the position delivering a devastating hail of fire, killing several of the enemy and forcing the remainder to fall back to new positions. He courageously attempted to move forward to silence another machine gun but, before he could leave his position, the ruthless foe hurled explosives down the hill and in the ensuing blast both legs were severed. Despite mortal wounds, he continued to deliver deadly fire and held off the assailants until the platoon returned. Pfc. Jordan's unflinching courage and gallant self-sacrifice reflect lasting glory upon himself and uphold the noble traditions of the infantry and the military service.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for November 15, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
15 November
1921: Capt Dale Mabry commanded the flight of the largest semirigid airship in existence to date, the airship Roma, during its initial flight at Langley Field. (24)
1939: The first night nonstop airmail pickups in history were made on the Pittsburg-Philadelphia route.
1940: The US Navy began air operations from Bermuda as an outgrowth of an earlier destroyer-bases deal between the US and Britain (See 2 September). (24)
1942: Lts Harold Comstock and Roger Dyar set a new speed record for planes when their P-47s power-dived at 725 MPH from 35,000 feet over an east coast base. (24) First women entered US AAF flight training. The Army designated the Women's Flying Training Detachment at the Houston Municipal Airport as the 319th Army Air Force Flying Training Detachment.
1946: OPERATIONS MOUNTAIN GOAT AND ALISO CANYON. TAC used P-80 jets for the first time to provide close air support to ground forces in joint Army-Navy-Air Force exercises at Camp Pendleton, Calif. Six tactical groups flew 3,337 sorties, while troop carrier groups moved 1,052 people and 245,370 pounds of cargo to and from the maneuver area. (24)
1949: The Ryan Aeronautical Company released data on the first air-to-air missile, the XAAM-A-1 Firebird, a 10-foot, rocket-powered projectile. (24)
1955: Exercise SAGEBRUSH. The largest joint exercise since World War II to date, started to test USAF and Army capabilities to perform combat missions. (16) (24)
1960: The first submarine equipped with Polaris missiles, the USS George Washington, left Charleston for stations within some 1,200 miles of Soviet targets. It carried 16 missiles. (24) NASA pilot Scott Crossfield flew the North American X-15 research aircraft with the XLR-99 "Big Engine" for the first time at Edwards AFB. He reached Mach 2.51 and an altitude of 81,200 feet at a 50 percent power setting. (24)
1961: The USAF activated 2d Advanced Echelon, Thirteenth Air Force, in Saigon, Vietnam. This event signaled the official entry of the USAF into the Vietnam War. (21)
1965: Through 17 November, Jack L. Martin and four others flew a Boeing 707/320C around the world from Honolulu, Hawaii. They returned in 62 hours 27 minutes and average 420.75 MPH for the flight. (9)
1966: The USAF selected Hughes Aircraft Company and North American Aviation Corporation to start contract definition phase of the Maverick (AGM-65A) air-to-surface missile program. (12)
1967: Maj Michael J. Adams died in an X-15 crash. He was the first fatality in the program since its inception in 1959. (16) (26)
1968: COMMANDO HUNT. The USAF launched Commando Hunt, an extensive interdiction campaign in Laos, to partially offset the bombing halt imposed on the 1 November. Concentrated in the "Barrel Roll" and "Steel Tiger" areas, Commando Hunt drastically increased the sorties flown in Southeast Asia from 4,764 tactical and 273 B-52 sorties in October to 12,821 tactical and 661 B-52 sorties in November. (17)
1973: Arab nations friendly to Egypt cut off the supply of oil to the nations supporting Israel in the October War. The action significantly affected PACAF, which received almost 90 percent of its fuel from the Mideast. PACAF imposed restrictions on JP-4 fueled aircraft and ceased all sorties except combat missions, Medevacs, and other essential missions. (17)
1974: Vandenberg AFB launched a Delta rocket with three satellites on board: a US weather satellite, the amateur radio operator's satellite OSCAR 7, and Spain's first satellite, INTASAT 1. (7)
1976: First high-speed anti-radiation missile successfully fired from a manned aircraft. (12)
1985: Through 18 November, MAC C-130s airlifted 50 tons of relief supplies and 32 tons of fuel for US Army search and rescue helicopters to Colombia after a volcano erupted there. (16) (18)
2000: At Edwards AFB, the X-32A began field carrier landing practice to demonstrate its flying and handling qualities for low-speed aircraft carrier approaches. Cmdr Philip "Rowdy" Yates, the lead test pilot for the Boeing JSF program, flew the first approaches to a simulated aircraft carrier deck outlined on a runway and equipped with a shipboard-type Fresnel lens. (3)
2002: An AFFTC team flew a NKC-135E Stratotanker, with NASA researchers, and 42 astrobiologists from seven countries on board, from Edwards AFB to Spain to collect data on the Leonid meteor shower. The NKC-135E had special instrumentation and 11 quartz-crystal windows to facilitate the observations. NASA's DC-8 Airborne Laboratory aircraft also flew missions with the NKC-135E. (3) Dana Purifoy flew NASA Dryden Flight Research Center's Active Aeroelastic Wing F/A-18 made its first checkout flight at Edwards AFB. The Navy fighter had lightweight flexible wings to study improved aircraft roll control by means of aerodynamically induced wing twist. In other words, the F/A-18 used a high-tech version of the Wright Brothers' wing-warping principle. NASA, the Air Force Research Laboratory at Edwards, and Boeing sponsored Aeroelastic Wing program. (3)
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THE THIRD ONE FROM SHADOW
. SWEEP AROUND CAM LO MOUNTAIN
We broke camp the next morning and continued our sweep west. About two clicks from
the Rockpile, we turned north. The going was fairly easy to this point as I remember, in
that we'd really been following the road. Once we turned north however, it got a little
rougher. We had to cross a stream and went into the elephant grass, up the rolling hills. It
took us most of the day to get half way up, before we set in for the night. There was no
contact with the NVA to this point.
As I mentioned, I suspect this was Blackjack's first time in the field in ages. He was
visibly tired (we all were)… He was also not happy with our progress. I think the lineup
was as follows; Alpha or Bravo was the lead company, Delta was second, H&S was in the
middle and the other two companies were bringing up the rear.
The next day, right after the lead company reached the top of the elephant grass covered
hills… Blackjack called for a break. He also had me call for a helo in order to "recon" the
area ahead, before we moved into the canopy. A Huey was brought in and we flew up the
hills and looked at our planned route of march… He pointed out to me where we were
supposed to set in for the night and I immediately had doubts that we'd be able to cover
that much ground before dark.
Instead of going back to H&S… He had the helo drop us off on top of the highest hill…
where we promptly sat on our asses… and let the rest of the battalion walk through us.
That last hill was a ball buster…. And I felt it was in extremely bad form for him to
harass a couple of Marines for being out of shape… when we'd taken the easy way up.
Once the lead company got into the canopy… things started to unravel. They got lost.
Westerman got frustrated and ordered Delta to take the lead. Late in the afternoon,
Westerman calls for a second recon. The helo picks us up and we fly over the canopy
looking for the lead element. It was triple canopy and we couldn't see shit. We asked for
yellow smoke… and couldn't see that… finally someone climbed a tree, popped a smoke
and we located where they were. Westerman tells them they're not going in the right
direction toward the bivouac point, tells them to turn a little more north.
As we're circling, Blackjack spots a clearing about a mile north of Delta. He asks the
pilot if he can set us down there… The pilot said he didn't think it was a good idea, but
he'd go down and take a look. He hovers over this one small clearing and drops down.
Just as we touch down, I see the rotor blades whacking down some small trees… Jack
yelled, "Out"! He and I and his driver jump out and the Huey takes off before we even
clear the rotor area. We moved about twenty meters and stepped into the canopy.
In just twenty meters we went from bright sunlight to almost twilight… The hair went up
on the back of my neck… About ten more meters and I smell something… It wasn't
cordite… it wasn't gunsmoke… it was food! Warm food! I look off to my right and see a
campfire… smoldering. Suspended over it was a can, I assume what ever I smelled was
coming from it. We also saw a couple of crude hammocks, sleeping platforms and all
kinds of signs of human activity…. We'd been dropped off right next to a NVA
campsite… that I assume was occupied until just before we landed. (They probably didied
off to the north when the helo flew over their head.) As I was looking around… I
actually said out loud, "Oh shit".
I pointed this all out to Westerman and he immediately says, "Drop your packs….
Everything but the radio… Lets get out of here". With that, he reaches over and takes the
M-14 away from the driver and almost runs… toward where we last saw Delta. We
thundered into the jungle like a herd of elephants. As motivated and as hard as we
pushed… it still took about 15 minutes to hook up with Delta. After catching our breath,
Jack had a fire team go retrieve our packs… as we set off toward the bivouac point. We
didn't reach it until after dark.
We were there… But the rest of the battalion was not! They were strung out… God
knows… how far back into the jungle… In fact, not even Alpha Company was in contact
with our last man. After about an hour… we still hadn't seen anyone else from the rest of
the battalion. I believe it was about midnight, when Westerman calls me over and tells me
to back track down the trail… make contact and tell them how to get to the CP. I said,
"Yes Sir".
I'm about a 100 meters into the jungle when it becomes pitch ass black… Every once in a
while, a little moonlight would filter down just enough to make out the trail. As I moved
forward, it occurred to me that if the point man was as scared as I was, I stood a good
chance of getting shot by one of our own guys. About a mile into the trail, I came to a
little creek… I remembered that the trail was very steep from here… and decided that this
was a good place to stop. I moved off into the bush about ten feet and waited. I had a
little moonlight to see the trail by. After I'm sitting there for about ten minutes… I see…
before I hear (this guy was good)… the point man. He was stepping slowly and scanning
both left and right… I started to say something… but for some reason, I didn't move or
say anything (I was afraid if I startled this guy, he'd blow me away). Not until the fifth
guy came up did I finally say, "Keep moving, the CP is about a mile ahead, the trail is
clear… pass it on". This guy was not nearly as wired as the point and immediately turned
around and said behind him, "CP straight ahead… pass it on".
I finally felt sure enough to get back on the trail and caught up to the point just as he
reached the perimeter. I don't think we had all the stragglers come in until about 3 in the
morning.
The next day, we moved south a little, until we came to a river we had to cross. Jack pulls
his recon trick again and we got a helo ride to a road on the other side. We were to
rendezvous with the trucks there, for the ride back to Dong Ha.
Somehow Westerman had his jeep delivered too… He and I and the driver piled aboard
and we took off in front of the rest of the battalion for Dong Ha. Just as we get out of
sight, we go around a curve and these beautiful white parrots, with long white tails, start
flying right next to the jeep. Like I've had doves do on occasion. All of a sudden…
boom! Blackjack had his .45 out and was trying to shoot one… He missed… That just
about summed up the sweep to me.
Note:
I haven't dwelled a lot about the heat and how it sapped your strength… For what it's
worth, unless you've been to SE Asia… You can't have any concept of what it was like.
Take interior Louisiana in the summer and double it.
I also haven't talked about the elephant grass… How the shit would cut you and leave
what felt like a hundred paper cuts on your exposed skin… and that leeches by the
millions lived in the stuff and would get all over you if you didn't keep constantly
checking. That the grass was so high, it blocked any wind, making the heat that much
worse.
The canopy was equally difficult… fallen trees, steep terrain, visibility about 20 feet and
the ground always seemed muddy and slick… a perfect place for an ambush. I do
remember though, seeing one of the most beautiful hidden waterfalls I've ever seen in my
life there.
By the time we completed the sweep, my utes were torn to shreds… and I'd had it easy.
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