To All,
Good Saturday Morning November 2, 2024. .I hope you all have a great weekend. Off to vote in a bit and then attack the list of things to do. And of course get ready for the time change tomorrow. There is more about that in today's List
Regards,
skip
Make it a good Day
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Sad news from the Crusader Association
As noted in a previous GatorGram, Bull had been sidelined. The expectation was that it would be temporary. His situation (which wasn't described at the time, per his request) was a brain tumor. The prognosis for a successful resolution was good. Surgery was a few weeks off at that time, after which he hoped to retake the reins. Sadly that will not be the case.
We have no info beyond what is posted here:
https://www.mccoyfuneralhome.com/obituaries/Wayne-Durham-2/#!/Obituary
Throw another nickel on the grass for a great guy and exceptional Crusader pilot.
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This day in Naval and Marine Corps History (thanks to NHHC)
Here is a link to the NHHC website: https://www.history.navy.mil/. Go here to see the director's corner for all 84 H-Grams .
Today in Naval and Marine Corps History
Nov. 2
1864—During the Civil War, Union paddle-wheelers Key West and Tawah encounter transports Undine and Venus, which the Confederates captured three days earlier on the Tennessee River. After a heated running engagement, Venus is retaken. Undine is badly damaged but manages to escape and gains the protection of Confederate batteries at Reynoldsburg Island, near Johnsonville, TN.
1899—The protected cruiser Charleston runs aground on an uncharted reef near Camiguin Island north of Luzon. Wrecked beyond salvage, she is abandoned by her crew who make camp on a nearby island.
1943—In the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, U.S. cruisers and destroyers of Task Force 39, commanded by Rear Adm. Aaron S. Merrill, turn back Japanese forces as they try to attack invasion shipping off Bougainville. This action, with its successful use of radar to manage U.S. forces, marks the end of Japan's previous advantage in night engagement.
1943—USS Halibut (SS 232), USS Seahorse (SS 304), and USS Trigger (SS 237), all operating independently of each other, attack a Japanese convoy south of Honshu and sink five enemy vessels.
1952—Aircraft from USS Bonhomme Richard (CVA 31) and USS Oriskany (CVA 34) attack targets in the city of Pyongyang in the first of three major strikes against that city during a five-day period.
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This Day in World History November 2
570 A tidal wave in the North Sea destroys the sea walls from Holland to Jutland. More than 1,000 people are killed.
1772 The first Committees of Correspondence are formed in Massachusetts under Samuel Adams.
1789 The property of the church in France is taken away by the state.
1841 The second Afghan War begins.
1869 Sheriff Wild Bill Hickok loses his re-election bid in Ellis County, Kan.
1880 James A. Garfield is elected the 20th president of the United States.
1882 Newly elected John Poe replaces Pat Garrett as sheriff of Lincoln County, New Mexico Territory.
1889 North Dakota is made the 39th state.
1889 South Dakota is made the 40th state.
1892 Lawmen surround outlaws Ned Christie and Arch Wolf near Tahlequah, Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma). It will take dynamite and a cannon to dislodge the two from their cabin.
1903 London's Daily Mirror newspaper is first published.
1914 Russia declares war with Turkey.
1920 The first radio broadcast in the United States is made from Pittsburgh.
1920 Charlotte Woodward, who signed the 1848 Seneca Falls Declaration calling for female voting rights, casts her ballot in a presidential election.
1921 Margaret Sanger and Mary Ware Dennett form the American Birth Control League.
1923 U.S. Navy aviator H.J. Brown sets new world speed record of 259 mph in a Curtiss racer.
1926 Air Commerce Act is passed, providing federal aid for airlines and airports.
1936 The first high-definition public television transmissions begin from Alexandra Palace in north London by the BBC.
1942 Lieutenant General Dwight D. Eisenhower arrives in Gibraltar to set up an American command post for the invasion of North Africa.
1943 The Battle of Empress Augusta Bay in Bougainville ends in U.S. Navy victory over Japan.
1947 Howard Hughes' Spruce Goose flies for the first and last time.
1948 Harry S Truman is elected the 33rd president of the United States.
1959 Charles Van Doren confesses that the TV quiz show 21 is fixed and that he had been given the answers to the questions asked him.
1960 A British jury determines that Lady Chatterly's Lover by D.H. Lawrence is not obscene.
1963 South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem is assassinated.
1976 Jimmy (James Earl) Carter elected the 39th president of the United States.
1983 President Ronald Reagan signs a bill establishing Martin Luther King, Jr., Day.
1984 Serial killer Velma Barfield becomes the first woman executed in the US since 1962.
2000 First resident crew arrives at the International Space Station.
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Since the time change is on 3 November here is more than you wanted to kinow about time zones…skip
11 Fascinating Facts About Time Zones
Although we're all familiar with the concept of dividing geographical regions by time today, time zones are a relatively modern invention. Just like the more recent advent of the internet, time zones were created to simplify our lives — when the world began to run on a standardized time, it made global transactions and international travel less complicated. But as the saying goes, time is relative, which is part of what makes time zones around the world so fascinating.
The International Space Station Is on a Time Zone
Time zones are tailor-made for Earthlings, as they (roughly) align with the planet's 24-hour-long day, but what about the people and space missions we've sent beyond Earth? For all missions, including those on the International Space Station, NASA uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). UTC is similar to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) — they share the same current time — but with a subtle difference. Whereas GMT is just one of many time zones, UTC is a time standard. UTC is the global time used by scientists, and it's constantly calibrated using hyperaccurate atomic clocks; scientists will also occasionally add leap seconds to make up for Earth's rotational irregularities.
There Is a Movement to Abolish Time Zones
Speaking of Coordinated Universal Time, some argue that UTC should be true to its name and become the universal time for all of Earth's 8 billion inhabitants. Supporters of ditching time zones concede that it would take some adjustment; New Yorkers might eat breakfast at "noon," while Tokyo would just be starting its day at "midnight" (only those longitudinally aligned with London would escape this fiasco). But, proponents argue, the change would ease confusion in the long run while potentially allowing our bodies to live more closely with our natural circadian rhythms. The transition may not be as hard as you think — the aviation industry, for example, has been using UTC for years, so maybe one day the rest of humanity will make the switch.
Spain Has Been in the "Wrong" Time Zone for 80 Years
World War II saw a lot of time zone switching, and in 1940, Spain's dictator Francisco Franco moved his country out of Greenwich Mean Time to Central European Time, meaning the nation now shares a time zone with Eastern European countries such as Poland and Hungary. Franco made this seemingly nonsensical change to bring Spain's time in line with German-occupied Europe during the war. Although Franco died in 1975, Spain remains on Central European Time despite many proposals to "slow" down to GMT.
Daylight Saving Altered Time Zones Because of World War I
Love it or hate it (and most seem to hate it), daylight saving time was originally a wartime measure. First instituted by Germany in 1916 to conserve energy and provide more daytime working hours, the idea was quickly adopted by the Allied powers in France, Britain, and eventually the U.S. On March 19, 1918, President Woodrow Wilson signed the Standard Time Act into law, establishing daylight saving time as well as the U.S.'s first five time zones. The U.S. operated on daylight saving time for seven months in both 1918 and 1919, but when the war ended in November 1919, Congress repealed the daylight saving portion of the Standard Time Act and states were once again allowed to choose whether they wanted to use DST.
When war raged across Europe a few decades later, the U.S. quickly instituted daylight saving time year round, which earned it the nickname "War Time." After the war's end, standard time once again returned, until the 1966 Uniform Time Act finally mandated the use of daylight saving time across the country. Today, there are efforts to make daylight saving time the permanent time throughout the U.S.
. For Two Hours Every Day, Three Days Occur at the Same Time
When the Republic of Kiribati, an island nation in the Pacific, formed in 1979, the international date line bisected its country. While the Gilbert Islands were at UTC+12, other islands, the Phoenix and Line Islands, were at UTC-11 and UTC-10 respectively. To fix this, on New Year's Day in 1995, a large bulge of the date line extended eastward to encompass all of the nation's 33 islands, effectively adding two new time zones, known as UTC+13 and UTC+14.
Although it makes temporal sense for Kiribati to be living in the same day, the change also introduced a strange quirk in which for two hours every day, three days are happening on Earth at the same time. For example, when the Line islands (in UTC+14) tick over to a new day — let's say Wednesday — non-Kiribati islands westward in UTC-11 (Midway, American Samoa, etc.) are still experiencing late Monday, as they're 25 hours behind. Two uninhabited UTC−12 territories, Baker Island and Howland Island, are 26 hours behind, which is why the anomaly persists for two hours. Meanwhile, the rest of the world is experiencing all the various hours of Tuesday, and mostly unaware of the strange temporal happenings taking place in the middle of the Pacific.
France Covers More Time Zones Than Any Other Country
Although mainland France is only in one time zone — Central European Time — its overlying territories span 11 other time zones (technically 13, if you include Antarctic claims and summer time zones), the most of any other country in the world. The country's westernmost territory, Tahiti in the French Polynesian islands, lies in the UTC-10 time zone, while its easternmost time zone is also in the South Pacific but on the other side of the international date line — Wallis & Futuna islands in UTC+12. Although France is a world leader when it comes to time zones, Russia is a close second-place finisher with 11 time zones, most of which lie in mainland Russia (the main exception being the province of Kaliningrad).
Greenwich, London, Was the Logical Choice for the Prime Meridian
When it comes to time, the borough of Greenwich in London, England, is at the center of the world. That's because Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) has historically been considered universal time. In 1884, Greenwich was chosen as the center of world time for reasons of convenience. First of all, a year earlier, the U.S. had based its national time zones on a meridian that ran through Greenwich. Secondly, in the late 19th century much of the world's commerce depended on maritime trading, and most sea charts also used the Greenwich meridian as the primary point of reference. As such, this particular meridian, which ran from the North Pole to the South Pole and crossed directly through Greenwich's Royal Observatory, became the world's prime meridian. Set to 0 degrees longitude, the prime meridian is the line upon which GMT was established in order to set the standard for world time. In 1967, Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) was introduced as a GMT equivalent and an updated global time standard. At this point, GMT was technically reduced to just a time zone, although it's still used as a common vernacular to tell the world's time.
The International Date Line Makes Time Travel Real
In 1884, the International Meridian Conference was held in Washington, D.C., with the goal of choosing a longitudinal equivalent to the equator and standardizing time throughout the world. At the conference, the prime meridian was established as a way to divide the Eastern and Western hemispheres just as the equator divides the Northern and Southern. At the same time, the 26 nations that attended the conference created another invisible line: the international date line (IDL). The IDL was created to demarcate the difference between one calendar day from the next. Set to a 180-degree longitude meridian, the IDL begins at both poles and then zig-zags around the globe, mostly through a remote section of open ocean. Interestingly enough, since the IDL has no lawful status, countries are free to choose the dates they observe. Case in point: In 2011, Samoa decided to change its time zone by crossing the international date line and skipping an entire calendar day, thereby time-traveling into the future. The change was made in order to improve trade relations with Australia and New Zealand, two countries with whom Samoa conducts regular business.
Time Zones Were Invented for the Railroad
Before mechanical clocks were invented, people used sundials to tell the time. "Noon" was considered to be when the sun was at its highest point in the sky, due south. As a result, each town and city had its own version of time even after the introduction of mechanical timepieces. With the invention of the transcontinental railroad, however, the lack of standardized time became problematic. As people left one city and traveled by railroad across the country, watches had to be reset frequently to accommodate the different times at each station. To solve this predicament, the U.S. borrowed the idea of time zones from Sir Sandford Fleming. A Canadian railroad engineer, Fleming had originally come up with the idea of dividing the world into 24 different longitudinally-based time zones, each with an hourly variation. The U.S. adopted this idea nationally, creating four different zones based on degrees of longitude. A year later, England, Scotland, and Wales followed suit, and eventually, the rest of the world did too.
One Size Doesn't Fit All
When it comes to the geographical size of a country, the number of time zones is nothing but inconsistent. Some of the world's largest nations have one time zone, while smaller nations have many. For example, even though the width of India is roughly the same distance between Utah and New York, the entire country has a unified time zone of GMT+5:30. Originally, China had five geographical time zones — Zhongyuan, Longshu, Tibet, Kunlun, and Changbai — that were created in 1912. In 1949, however, the Communist party set all five of these time zones to Beijing's GMT+8. As a result, some Chinese cities keep alternative workday schedules in order to stay aligned with Beijing. Conversely, France, a country with a more diminutive size geographically, has 12 time zones in total, thanks to its 11 overseas territories. And Märket, a tiny island in the Baltic Sea, has two different time zones, as it's controlled on either side by Sweden and Finland.
Standard Time Isn't Always On the Hour
Oddly enough, some countries don't keep their time on the hour, instead choosing to use half or quarter hours to tell universal time. India, for example, is set to GMT+5:30, as is its neighboring country of Sri Lanka. Other countries that also are on the half-hour include Iran (GMT+3:30), Afghanistan (GMT+4:30), and Burma (GMT+6:30). Even more curious, Nepal is a country that runs on the quarter-hour, as its universal time is set to GMT+5:45. If that's not strange enough, Australia has five time zones, and only some of them are set to the half or quarter-hour on the clock. There's no universal answer as to why the times are set this way; rather, it's often a result of the politics of each nation. For example, India's decision to set time on the half-hour was a compromise that accommodated New Delhi's location between two meridians. Setting the clock at the median hour was a concession that didn't favor either longitude and presumably offset the fact that the large country runs on a single time zone.
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OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)
From the archives of rollingthunderremembered.com post for 1 November 1968… Rolling Thunder concludes .
November 1 1968 was the last Day of rolling Thunder. .
Thanks to the Bear. We will always have the url for you to search items in Rolling Thunder
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER …
. rollingthunderremembered.com .
ROLLING THUNDER REMEMBERED Thanks to the Bear … Bear🇺🇸⚓️🐻
OPERATION ROLLING THUNDER (1965-1968)…
Thanks to the Bear
I have provided access to archive entries covering Commando Hunt operations for the period November 1968 through mid-September 1969. These posts are permanently available at the following link.
https://www.rollingthunderremembered.com/commando-hunt-post-list/
Thanks to Micro
To remind folks that these are from the Vietnam Air Losses site that Micro put together. You click on the url below and get what happened each day to the crew of the aircraft.
From Vietnam Air Losses site for November 2
2-Nov: https://www.vietnamairlosses.com/loss.php?id=873
following work accounts for every fixed wing loss of the Vietnam War and you can use it to read more about the losses in The Bear's Daily account. Even better it allows you to add your updated information to the work to update for history…skip
Vietnam Air Losses Access Chris Hobson and Dave Lovelady's work at: https://www.VietnamAirLosses.com.
This is a list of all Helicopter Pilots Who Died in the Vietnam War . Listed by last name and has other info https://www.vhpa.org/KIA/KIAINDEX.HTM
MOAA - Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Servicemembers Killed in the Vietnam War
The site works, find anyone you knew in "search" feature.
https://www.vvmf.org/Wall-of-Faces/ )
Wall of Faces Now Includes Photos of All Service members Killed in the Vietnam War
By: Kipp Hanley
AUGUST 15, 2022
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From the archives
Thanks to Newell
Skip,
Here's a little lighthearted music-video humor for THE LIST. Yep, Chick-fil-A fans will be the most amused.
https://youtu.be/NsJHqstPuNo?si=JBZQQtsRXLwn0OZe
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Thanks to History Facts
. When Did People Start Eating Three Meals a Day
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LUNCHTIME, 1821
Food has always been central to human life, but our eating habits have evolved considerably over time. The idea of eating three meals a day, for instance, is now an intrinsic practice for many people, yet it's a relatively recent development in human history. For centuries, meal habits were sporadic and dictated by various factors: success in hunting or agriculture, religious practices, work schedules, and even the availability of lighting among them. So how did we arrive at this trio of meals?
Dinner's Daily Dominance
Of our three routine meals, "dinner" has the deepest etymological roots, though the meaning of the word has shifted over time. In ancient Roman times, it was the one large meal everyone ate, although it was consumed earlier in the day than it is today — sometime around noon. This extended into the Middle Ages in Europe. Laborers often ate a small meal of bread and ale early in the morning before starting a day's work on the farm. Their main meal of the day, called dinner, was served around noon, and a light snack, known as supper, was sometimes eaten in the evening. By the late 1700s, the Industrial Revolution was in full swing in Britain; workdays became longer, people could no longer come home to eat their main meal of the day, and artificial lighting — primarily candles — became more accessible and reliable, enabling household activities to go later into the evening. The timing of dinner began to shift, and by the end of the 18th century, many people were eating dinner in the evening after returning home from work. For most people in Europe and the United States, this evening meal became the largest and anchor meal of the day by the mid-1800s, informing the traditional family dinner as we still know it.
Breakfast's Beginnings
In the Middle Ages, Christian religious routines dictated that nothing could be eaten before morning Mass. The word "breakfast," literally meaning to "break the fast" from the night before, is believed to have originated in this period. Despite the term's origins, however, breakfast as a regular meal wasn't widely adopted until Britain slowly began industrializing and its population started moving from farms to cities throughout the 1600s. As the Industrial Revolution progressed through the 18th and 19th centuries in Europe and the United States, so did the need for a regular morning meal to sustain workers through labor-intensive mornings. By the early 20th century, breakfast culture took off even further thanks to figures such as John Harvey Kellogg, who invented Corn Flakes cereal, as well as marketing campaigns in the 1920s and '30s promoting breakfast as the most important meal of the day.
Lunch Arrives Late
As industrialization reshaped daily routines and more people moved from farms to factories and offices, workers needed something to sustain them during the long hours between their morning and evening meals at home. Enter lunch, the last of the three modern meals to cement its place in our daily eating habits. As late as 1755, lunch was simply understood as a small amount of food, more of a snack than a formal meal. Though the origins of the word are murky, it's likely a short form of "luncheon," itself possibly from the English words "lump" (a small mass) and "nuncheon" (a slight midday refreshment). It wasn't until around 1850 that lunch officially began filling the gap between breakfast and dinner. By the turn of the 20th century, it had become a defined meal, typically eaten between 12 p.m. and 2 p.m., and consisting of standard lunch fare even by today's standards: sandwiches, soups, and salads
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Thanks to History Facts
.. Victorian bakers added a toxic ingredient to make bread whiter.
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In Victorian-era England, as in most of human history, bread was a dietary staple, and white bread, which was seen as containing fewer impurities and was associated with the upper class, was increasingly in vogue. Indeed white bread was so desirable that some British bakers resorted to using questionable ingredients to bleach their loaves. One such ingredient was alum, an aluminum-derived chemical compound that is toxic when consumed. It made bread not only whiter, but also heavier, allowing bakers to charge more for their wares and supplement flour doing food shortages. Alum was also cheaper than flour, meaning bakers could pocket more profits — but unfortunately, all this came at the expense of public health. Alum, when consumed regularly, caused digestive issues and diarrhea, the latter of which could be fatal to young children at the time. In the mid-1850s, prominent English physician John Snow proposed a connection between Brits' poor health — notably the widespread prevalence of rickets, a bone-softening disorder — and the alum-filled bread they were consuming, a theory that came to be viewed in scientifically favorable light in the decades that followed. Without widespread awareness of these health issues, however, food adulteration — adding cheap ingredients to keep costs down and production up — persisted throughout much of the 19th century; plaster of paris and chalk were also commonly added to bread. Regulations such as Britain's 1860 Adulteration of Food and Drugs Act sought to curb the use of harmful additives in food, but were not mandatory nor strictly enforced. A revision in 1875 was taken more seriously, and remained in effect for some 60 years until updated government public health guidelines and food safety laws came into place.
And that was not all????
Victorians' favorite shade of green was poisonous.
Scheele's green, named for the chemist who originally invented it in 1775, was a bright, rich color similar to emerald that was hugely popular in 19th-century England. It also happened to contain arsenic. Despite its toxicity being known by the inventor and some experts, the pigment was used in the production of clothing, wallpaper, and even children's toys. Contact with arsenic-laced clothing or other household items often resulted in rashes or sores; some people suffered fatal respiratory issues. Factory workers who produced goods with the pigment had it even worse: Matilda Scheurer, a 19-year-old worker who made artificial flowers, died from the exposure, but not before the whites of her eyes turned green. Regulations around tracking and disclosing arsenic use went into effect in the U.K. in 1851, and by the end of the 19th century, manufacturers of various goods had all but replaced the toxin with safer ingredients.
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Military Milestones from Tippecanoe to Roosevelt's Patrol by W. Thomas Smith Jr.
This Week in American Military History:
Nov. 1, 1904: The new U.S. Army War College opens its doors to three majors and six captains, among them Capt. (future General of the Armies) John J. "Black Jack" Pershing. According to Samuel J. Newland writing for Parameters, during the college's formative years, "the instructional methodology … was reminiscent of the Prussian system of training general staff officers."
Nov. 2, 1783: Gen. George Washington delivers his "Farewell Address to the Army" near Princeton, N.J., in which he refers to the Continental Army as "one patriotic band of brothers." Of his soldiers, whom he says displayed "invincible fortitude in action," Washington offers his "prayers to the God of Armies," adding that "may the choicest of Heaven's favors both here and hereafter attend those, who under the divine auspices have secured innumerable blessings for others."
Nov. 5, 1915: Nearly five years to the day after aviation pioneer Eugene B. Ely makes the first airplane takeoff from a ship, Lt. Commander (future Capt.) Henry Mustin becomes the first American to make a catapult launch from a ship underway. Mustin is catapulted from USS North Carolina (the second of six so-named American warships, including one submarine and one Confederate ironclad) in a Curtiss AB-2 flying boat. Mustin, considered in some circles to be the "father of Naval aviation," is also the grand patriarch of the Mustin Naval dynasty. Of that dynasty, Capt. Louis Colbus (U.S. Navy, Ret.) former commander of Destroyer Squadron Two and the former chief of staff for Carrier Battle Group Eight, says, "Mustin flag-officers and others have led our Navy for nearly a century from aviation firsts to shipbuilding design and concepts to nuclear testing at the South Pole to battle-group tactics at sea, and at the same time inspiring generations of American sailors."
Nov. 5, 1917: U.S. Army Maj. (future Brig. Gen.) Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and his younger brother Lt. (future Lt. Col.) Archibald Roosevelt, both sons of former Pres. Theodore Roosevelt (a former U.S. Army cavalry colonel who will receive the Medal of Honor in 2001 for actions during the Spanish-American War), lead the first American patrol into "No Man's Land" during World War I. No enemy contact is reported. Like his presidential father, Theodore Jr. will receive the Medal of Honor, but the younger Roosevelt's Medal will be for actions during the Normandy invasion, June 6, 1944.
Nov. 7, 1811: The Battle of Tippecanoe is fought between U.S. forces – composed of U.S. Army infantry, Kentucky volunteers, and Indiana militia all under the command of Indiana Gov. William Henry Harrison – and elements of Shawnee chief Tecumseh's American Indian confederation under the command of Tenskwatawa (Tecumseh's brother).
The fighting, which takes place near present-day Battle Ground, Indiana, will be a victory for U.S. forces. And Harrison – destined to become a brig. gen. during the War of 1812 and ultimately president of the United States – will forever be known as "the hero of Tippecanoe."
Nov. 7, 1863: Union forces under the command of Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick decisively defeat Confederate forces under Maj. Gen. Jubal Early in the Battle of Rappahannock Station (Va.).
Though a "a complete and glorious victory" for the Union Army, Confederate Col. Walter Taylor will refer to the battle as "the saddest chapter in the history of this army … miserable, miserable management."
In six months, Sedgwick will be shot and killed by a Confederate sharpshooter during the bloody Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.
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This Day in U S Military History
November 2
1811 – Battle of Tippecanoe: Gen William Henry Harrison routed Indians. Following the signing of the Treaty of Greenville in summer 1795, relative peace prevailed between the white settlers and the natives of the Old Northwest. The Washington and Adams administrations at least paid lip service to the terms of the treaty, but Jefferson (the great agrarian philosopher) sought additional lands for American farmers through a series of purchases from the tribes. Not all the frontiersmen bothered with the niceties of treaties and simply occupied Indian lands illegally. Not without reason, resentment among the tribes ran high. In 1808, Tecumseh, a Shawnee chieftain, and his brother Tenskwatawa (known to the Americans as The Prophet) launched a reform movement among their people. They attempted to end the sale of additional lands to the whites and to resist alcohol and other troublesome temptations of the competing culture. A new native settlement was built at the confluence of the Wabash and Tippecanoe rivers (north of present-day Lafayette, Indiana) and became known as Prophet's Town. The village became the focal point of Tecumseh's effort to rally the tribes east of the Mississippi River in the hope of halting the spread of white settlements. William Henry Harrison was governor of the Indiana Territory and superintendent of the Northwest Indians. Fearing the growing strength of Tecumseh's confederacy, Harrison decided to strike quickly. He marched an army of 1,100 men along the Wabash toward Prophet's Town. Tecumseh was temporarily out of the area on a recruiting venture among the Creeks in the south, but his brother prepared the men for battle with fiery oratory—including promises that they could not be harmed by the white men's bullets. Shortly before dawn on November 7, 1811, Harrison's soldiers were attacked. After a two-hour battle, the natives were forced to flee and their village-the gathering spot of the confederacy-was destroyed.
1923 – US Navy aviator, H.J. Brown, set new world speed record of 259 mph in a Curtiss racer.
1931 – VS-14M on the USS Saratoga and VS-15M on the USS Lexington were the first Marine carrier-based squadrons.1942 – Lt. General Dwight D. Eisenhower arrived in Gibraltar to set up an American command post for the invasion of North Africa, Operation Torch.
1936 – Italian dictator Benito Mussolini proclaims the Rome-Berlin Axis, establishing the alliance of the Axis powers.
1942 – On Guadalcanal, the "Tokyo Express," the flotilla of Japanese destroyers supplying their forces, begins to be very active. The American advance in the west continues slowly with some successes.
1943 – The Battle of Empress Augusta Bay in Bougainville ended in U.S. Navy victory over Japan. US Task Force 39 detects the approach of the Japanese cruiser squadron led by Admiral Omori (steaming from Rabaul in New Britain Island to Bougainville), shortly after midnight. In the engagement that follows the Japanese lose 1 cruiser and 1 destroyer and most of the other ships are damaged. The Americans suffer damage to 2 cruisers and 2 destroyers. However, the Japanese force abandons its mission. On Bougainville, the US 3rd Marine Division expands its beachhead. During the day, Japanese aircraft attack the ships of US Task Force 39 without success. Aircraft from US Task Force 38 raid Buna and Buka. Meanwhile, the US 2nd Marine Parachute Battalion on Choiseul continues to engage Japanese forces. This is a diversion from the attack on Bougainville.
1962 – LtCol John H. Glenn (first American to orbit the earth and the world's only septuagenarian astronaut) became first recipient of the Alfred A. Cunningham Trophy for outstanding Marine pilots.
Medal of Honor Citations for Actions Taken This Day
BOLTON, CECIL H.
Rank and organization: First Lieutenant, U.S. Army, Company E, 413th Infantry, 104th Infantry Division. Place and date: Mark River, Holland, 2 November 1944. Entered service at: Huntsville, Ala. Birth: Crawfordsville, Fla. G.O. No.: 74, 1 September 1945. Citation: As leader of the weapons platoon of Company E, 413th Infantry, on the night of 2 November 1944, he fought gallantly in a pitched battle which followed the crossing of the Mark River in Holland. When 2 machineguns pinned down his company, he tried to eliminate, with mortar fire, their grazing fire which was inflicting serious casualties and preventing the company's advance from an area rocked by artillery shelling. In the moonlight it was impossible for him to locate accurately the enemy's camouflaged positions; but he continued to direct fire until wounded severely in the legs and rendered unconscious by a German shell. When he recovered consciousness he instructed his unit and then crawled to the forward rifle platoon positions. Taking a two-man bazooka team on his voluntary mission, he advanced chest deep in chilling water along a canal toward 1 enemy machinegun. While the bazooka team covered him, he approached alone to within 15 yards of the hostile emplacement in a house. He charged the remaining distance and killed the 2 gunners with hand grenades. Returning to his men he led them through intense fire over open ground to assault the second German machinegun. An enemy sniper who tried to block the way was dispatched, and the trio pressed on. When discovered by the machinegun crew and subjected to direct fire, 1st Lt. Bolton killed 1 of the 3 gunners with carbine fire, and his 2 comrades shot the others. Continuing to disregard his wounds, he led the bazooka team toward an 88-mm. artillery piece which was having telling effect on the American ranks, and approached once more through icy canal water until he could dimly make out the gun's silhouette. Under his fire direction, the two soldiers knocked out the enemy weapon with rockets. On the way back to his own lines he was again wounded. To prevent his men being longer subjected to deadly fire, he refused aid and ordered them back to safety, painfully crawling after them until he reached his lines, where he collapsed. 1st Lt. Bolton's heroic assaults in the face of vicious fire, his inspiring leadership, and continued aggressiveness even through suffering from serious wounds, contributed in large measure to overcoming strong enemy resistance and made it possible for his battalion to reach its objective.
*FEMOYER, ROBERT E. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Second Lieutenant, 711th Bombing Squadron, 447th Bomber Group, U.S. Army Air Corps. Place and date: Over Merseburg, Germany, 2 November 1944. Entered service at: Jacksonville, Fla. Born: 31 October 1921, Huntington, W. Va. G.O. No.: 35, 9 May 1945. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty near Merseburg, Germany, on 2 November 1944. While on a mission, the bomber, of which 2d Lt. Femoyer was the navigator, was struck by 3 enemy antiaircraft shells. The plane suffered serious damage and 2d Lt. Femoyer was severely wounded in the side and back by shell fragments which penetrated his body. In spite of extreme pain and great loss of blood he refused an offered injection of morphine. He was determined to keep his mental faculties clear in order that he might direct his plane out of danger and so save his comrades. Not being able to arise from the floor, he asked to be propped up in order to enable him to see his charts and instruments. He successfully directed the navigation of his lone bomber for 2 1/2 hours so well it avoided enemy flak and returned to the field without further damage. Only when the plane had arrived in the safe area over the English Channel did he feel that he had accomplished his objective; then, and only then, he permitted an injection of a sedative. He died shortly after being removed from the plane. The heroism and self-sacrifice of 2d Lt. Femoyer are in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Army.
*WILKINS, RAYMOND H. (Air Mission)
Rank and organization: Major, U.S. Army Air Corps. Place and date: Near Rabaul, New Britain, 2 November 1943. Entered service at: Portsmouth, Va. Born: 28 September 1917, Portsmouth, Va. G.O. No.: 23, 24 March 1944. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action with the enemy near Rabaul, New Britain, on 2 November 1943. Leading his squadron in an attack on shipping in Simpson Harbor, during which intense antiaircraft fire was expected, Maj. Wilkins briefed his squadron so that his airplane would be in the position of greatest risk. His squadron was the last of 3 in the group to enter the target area. Smoke from bombs dropped by preceding aircraft necessitated a last-second revision of tactics on his part, which still enabled his squadron to strike vital shipping targets, but forced it to approach through concentrated fire, and increased the danger of Maj. Wilkins' left flank position. His airplane was hit almost immediately, the right wing damaged, and control rendered extremely difficult. Although he could have withdrawn, he held fast and led his squadron into the attack. He strafed a group of small harbor vessels, and then, at low level, attacked an enemy destroyer. His 1,000 pound bomb struck squarely amidships, causing the vessel to explode. Although antiaircraft fire from this vessel had seriously damaged his left vertical stabilizer, he refused to deviate from the course. From below-masthead height he attacked a transport of some 9,000 tons, scoring a hit which engulfed the ship in flames. Bombs expended, he began to withdraw his squadron. A heavy cruiser barred the path. Unhesitatingly, to neutralize the cruiser s guns and attract its fire, he went in for a strafing run. His damaged stabilizer was completely shot off. To avoid swerving into his wing planes he had to turn so as to expose the belly and full wing surfaces of his plane to the enemy fire; it caught and crumpled his left wing. Now past control, the bomber crashed into the sea. In the fierce engagement Maj. Wilkins destroyed 2 enemy vessels, and his heroic self-sacrifice made possible the safe withdrawal of the remaining planes of his squadron.
VAN WINKLE, ARCHIE
Rank and organization: Staff Sergeant, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve, Company B, 1st Battalion, 7th Marines, 1st Marine Division (Rein.). Place and date: Vicinity of Sudong, Korea, 2 November 1950. Entered service at: Arlington, Wash. Born: 17 March 1925, Juneau, Alaska. Citation: For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while serving as a platoon sergeant in Company B, in action against enemy aggressor forces. Immediately rallying the men in his area after a fanatical and numerically superior enemy force penetrated the center of the line under cover of darkness and pinned down the platoon with a devastating barrage of deadly automatic weapons and grenade fire, S/Sgt. Van Winkle boldly spearheaded a determined attack through withering fire against hostile frontal positions and, though he and all the others who charged with him were wounded, succeeded in enabling his platoon to gain the fire superiority and the opportunity to reorganize. Realizing that the left flank squad was isolated from the rest of the unit, he rushed through 40 yards of fierce enemy fire to reunite his troops despite an elbow wound which rendered 1 of his arms totally useless. Severely wounded a second time when a direct hit in the chest from a hostile hand grenade caused serious and painful wounds, he staunchly refused evacuation and continued to shout orders and words of encouragement to his depleted and battered platoon. Finally carried from his position unconscious from shock and from loss of blood, S/Sgt. Van Winkle served to inspire all who observed him to heroic efforts in successfully repulsing the enemy attack. His superb leadership, valiant fighting spirit, and unfaltering devotion to duty in the face of heavy odds reflect the highest credit upon himself and the U.S. Naval Service.
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This Day in Aviation History" brought to you by the Daedalians Airpower Blog Update. To subscribe to this weekly email, go to https://daedalians.org/airpower-blog/.
Nov. 1, 1954
The U.S. Air Force retired its last Boeing B-29 Superfortress from service. The B-29 on display at the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force is "Bockscar," which dropped the Fat Man atomic bomb on Nagasaki on Aug. 9, 1945.
Nov. 2, 1944
Second Lt. Robert E. Femoyer was awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions over Merseberg, Germany. The citation read in part: "While on a mission, the bomber, of which 2d Lt. Femoyer was the navigator, was struck by 3 enemy antiaircraft shells. The plane suffered serious damage and 2d Lt. Femoyer was severely wounded in the side and back by shell fragments which penetrated his body. In spite of extreme pain and great loss of blood he refused an offered injection of morphine. He was determined to keep his mental faculties clear in order that he might direct his plane out of danger and so save his comrades. Not being able to arise from the floor, he asked to be propped up in order to enable him to see his charts and instruments. He successfully directed the navigation of his lone bomber for 2-½ hours so well it avoided enemy flak and returned to the field without further damage. Only when the plane had arrived in the safe area over the English Channel did he feel that he had accomplished his objective; then, and only then, he permitted an injection of a sedative. He died shortly after being removed from the plane."
Nov. 3, 1909
Lt. Frank P. Lahm, Daedalian Founder Member #211, piloted the first Army Wright plane during its initial flight at College Park, Maryland. Navy Lt. George C. Sweet, Founder Member #5791, accompanied Lahm as a passenger and is credited as the first Navy officer to fly in an airplane.
Nov. 4, 1923
Lt. Alford J. Williams raised the world speed record to 266.59 mph in an R2C-1 racer equipped with a D-12 engine at Mitchel Field, N.Y., bettering the record set two days before by Lt. Harold J. Brow, Daedalian Founder Member #6631. Williams is shown standing next to the R2C-1 racer.
Nov. 5, 1915
Lt. Cmdr. Henry C. Mustin made the first catapult launch from a commissioned warship, launching in flying boat AB-2 from the stern of North Carolina (Armored Cruiser No. 12) at 11:58 a.m. in Pensacola Bay, Florida. Sailors had originally removed the catapult from a coal barge, and on Oct. 28 installed the device onto the cruiser's stern. Assistant Naval Constructor Lt. Holden C. Richardson, CC, and Lt.j.g. Patrick N. L. Bellinger completed an additional takeoff on Nov. 6, and 1st Lt. Alfred A. Cunningham, USMC, completed the first Marine Corps launch on Nov. 8. All four men were Daedalian Founder Members: Mustin, #3501; Richardson, #13115; Bellinger, #2101; and Cunningham, #4134.
Nov. 6, 1945
The first jet plane to land on an aircraft carrier was a Ryan FR-1 Fireball piloted by U.S. Navy Ens. Jake West.
Nov. 7, 1917
Over France, Eugene J. Bullard became the first Black pilot to shoot down a German aircraft during World War I. Due to the racism encountered in America, Bullard joined the French Army and subsequently flew with a French squadron. On Sept. 14, 1994, the Secretary of the Air Force posthumously appointed him a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force. He is Daedalian Founder Member #14167.
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AMERICAN AEROSPACE EVENTS for November 2, FIRSTS, LASTS, AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS. THANKS TO HAROLD "PHIL" MYERS CHIEF HISTORIAN AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE, SURVEILLANCE, AND RECONNAISSANCE AGENCY
2 November
1916: Glenn Muffly requested a Chicago-New York commercial night airmail line. Sponsored by New York Times, Victor Carlstrom flew a mail demonstration flight on 2-3 November over the route. (24)
1923: Lt H. J. Brow (USN) set an FAI speed record for piston-engine land planes by flying a Curtiss 500 airplane 259 MPH at Minneola. (9)
1936: John H. Shobe set a new speed record from New York City to Boston by flying his Beechcraft 190 miles in 50 minutes 30 seconds to average 227.5 MPH. (24)
1943: FIRST FIFTEENTH AIR FORCE MISSION. 74 B-17s and 38 B-24s flew 1,600 round-trip miles to bomb aircraft factories near Wiener Neustadt, Austria. (4) (24)
1944: MEDAL OF HONOR. While on a mission over Merseberg, Germany, a bomber sustained three hits from anti-aircraft shells. A severely wounded navigator, Lt Robert E. Femoyer, refused morphine to keep his head clear so he could direct his plane out of danger. For 2 1/2 hours, he navigated his lone bomber away from flak. Only when he reached the English Channel did he agree to take a sedative. He died after the plane landed in England. For his sacrifice, Femoyer received the Medal of Honor. (4)
1947: The Howard Hughes H-4 Hercules, "The Spruce Goose," made its first and only flight in the Los Angeles Harbor. It traveled about a mile. (20)
1950: KOREAN WAR. FEAF flew the first RB-45 Tornado jet reconnaissance mission. (28)
1954: At San Diego, test pilot James F. "Skeets" Coleman, flying the Convair XYF-1, took off in vertical flight, then shifted to horizontal, and finally changed back to vertical for the landing. (16) (24)
1962: Operation LONG SKIP. After Communist Chinese forces invaded India's Assam Valley and Ladakh District in October, India asked the US for help. Through 14 November, MATS dispatched 48 C-135 missions to deliver nearly 1,035 tons of equipment, small arms, and ammunition to Calcutta. The timely response led the Chinese to withdraw. (2) Through 16 November, after Typhoon Karen MATS aircrews airlifted 1,180 tons of emergency supplies to Guam and evacuated some 650 people. (18)
1971: First two advanced communications satellites for the Defense Satellite Communication System Phase II (DSCS II) placed in orbit. (12)
1995: Lt Col Greg Feest, the 9 FS Commander at Holloman AFB, became the first F-117A Nighthawk pilot with 1,000 hours in the cockpit. He flew in DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM with the 37 TFW. (16)
2000: The AFFTC flew the last EC-135E Advanced Range Instrumentation Aircraft (ARIA) to the Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson AFB. In the 1960s, NASA modified eight C-135s, called Apollo Range Instrumentation Aircraft, to track lunar missions, unmanned orbital missions, and ballistic re-entry programs. The AFFTC decided the ARIA's unique mission capabilities were no longer necessary. (3) The Dryden Flight Research Center's NB-52B launched the X-38 Crew Return Vehicle (CRV), an 80 percent scale version, on its first free flight over Edwards AFB. The X-38 used its 7,500 square foot xylon parasail for the first time too. (3)
2001: Operation ENDURING FREEDOM/MACKAY TROPHY. A 20th Special Operations Squadron MH-53 Pave Low helicopter crew earned the trophy by rescuing the crew of another MH53 that had crashed on a rescue mission in the mountains of Afghanistan. (21)
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